The Weimar constitution was hailed as «the most democratic in the world», aiming at democratizing both the politics and economy. But at the systemic level, a more composite framework was adopted, with a strong President of the Republic endowed not only with autonomous plebiscitary legitimacy, but also with broad emergency powers ex Article 48. As for the democratization of economy, it depended on Parliament's ability to implement Articles 156 (nationalization of key sectors of the economy) and 165 (representation of economic interests), as well as on the full confirmation of the public role of trade unions, company workers’ councils, and collective wage agreements. The consolidation of the new system soon became hostage to a triple conflict between: a party system designed to seek in the Parliament the difficult synthesis between the plurality of social interests; the bureaucratic-military elite holding – through the President of the Republic – the traditional dominion over the state machine; and finally, the new political ambitions of the economic elite gathered in business associations. The degeneration of the Weimar parliamentary government into an autonomous presidential executive escalated in the years between 1930 and 1933. Declaring itself the sole custodian of the popular mandate, the executive bypassed or excluded from the decision-making processes all instances of control until it became effectively not responsible. The new form of government was consolidated by creating ad hoc institutions justified by the need to give effect to emergency decrees, used to organically redefine economic and social relations in the country, by managing the industrial cartels and the banking sector, imposing wage reductions, cutting subsidies, and amending labor law, as well as civil and criminal procedure. The systematic use of emergency decrees paved the way for a tacit redefinition of the form of government, which in turn opened the way to the Hitlerian autocracy in 1933.
La carta di Weimar fu salutata come «la più democratica del mondo», in quanto espressione di una «democrazia sociale» ad un tempo politica ed economica. Ma a livello sistemico venne adottato un quadro più composito, con un forte Presidente della Repubblica dotato non solo di un’autonoma legittimità plebiscitaria, ma anche di ampi poteri di emergenza ex articolo 48. Quanto alla democrazia economica, sarebbe dipesa dalla capacità del Parlamento di dare attuazione agli articoli 156 (nazionalizzazione dei settori chiave dell’economia) e 165 (rappresentanza degli interessi economici), nonché alla piena conferma del ruolo pubblico dei sindacati, dei consigli operai d’azienda e dei contratti salariali collettivi. Il processo di consolidamento del nuovo sistema divenne presto ostaggio di una triplice contrapposizione tra: un sistema di partiti preposto a ricercare nelle dinamiche parlamentari la difficile sintesi tra la pluralità degli interessi sociali; l’élite burocratico-militare detentrice – tramite il Presidente della Repubblica – del tradizionale dominio sulla macchina statale; ed infine, le nuove ambizioni politiche della élite economica riunita nelle associazioni imprenditoriali. La degenerazione del governo parlamentare di Weimar in un autonomo esecutivo presidenziale negli anni tra il 1930 e 1933 seguì le dinamiche che la scienza politica odierna definisce democratic backsliding. Dichiarandosi depositario unico del mandato popolare, l’esecutivo scavalcò o escluse dai processi decisionali tutte le istanze di controllo fino a divenire di fatto non responsabile. Il sistematico ricorso alla decretazione d’emergenza aprì la via ad una ridefinizione tacita della forma di governo, che a sua volta schiuderà nel 1933 le porte al mutamento della forma di stato in un’autocrazia hitleriana.
Il monito di Weimar: come il sovranismo mercatistico scavalcò la democrazia
Car, Ronald
2026-01-01
Abstract
The Weimar constitution was hailed as «the most democratic in the world», aiming at democratizing both the politics and economy. But at the systemic level, a more composite framework was adopted, with a strong President of the Republic endowed not only with autonomous plebiscitary legitimacy, but also with broad emergency powers ex Article 48. As for the democratization of economy, it depended on Parliament's ability to implement Articles 156 (nationalization of key sectors of the economy) and 165 (representation of economic interests), as well as on the full confirmation of the public role of trade unions, company workers’ councils, and collective wage agreements. The consolidation of the new system soon became hostage to a triple conflict between: a party system designed to seek in the Parliament the difficult synthesis between the plurality of social interests; the bureaucratic-military elite holding – through the President of the Republic – the traditional dominion over the state machine; and finally, the new political ambitions of the economic elite gathered in business associations. The degeneration of the Weimar parliamentary government into an autonomous presidential executive escalated in the years between 1930 and 1933. Declaring itself the sole custodian of the popular mandate, the executive bypassed or excluded from the decision-making processes all instances of control until it became effectively not responsible. The new form of government was consolidated by creating ad hoc institutions justified by the need to give effect to emergency decrees, used to organically redefine economic and social relations in the country, by managing the industrial cartels and the banking sector, imposing wage reductions, cutting subsidies, and amending labor law, as well as civil and criminal procedure. The systematic use of emergency decrees paved the way for a tacit redefinition of the form of government, which in turn opened the way to the Hitlerian autocracy in 1933.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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