The transformation of the Weimar parliamentary government into an autonomous presidential executive is examined from the perspective of the theory of balance between social forces, which questions the possibility of erecting an effective parliamentary government when certain historical circumstances lead to a stalemate in the social struggle. The parliamentary executive constituted an essential point of the SPD’s constitutional program, which saw it as the only solution compatible with the objectives of democratic socialism to be achieved through legislation. But the SPD could fully identify with the constitutional dictate only if the autonomous executive of the President remained an exception. The ambiguities that lay beneath the image of the Weimar constitution and the SPD as ‘Siamese brothers’ whose separation entailed death for both, forced the SPD to be the guard-ian of the constitution at the cost of growing contradictions. On the one hand, a total adherence to parliamentarism that had no support in the constitution; on the other, the theory of the balance of social forces, which predicted the substitution of parliamentarism with an allegedly independent presidential executive.
La trasformazione del governo parlamentare di Weimar in un autonomo esecutivo presidenziale è vagliata nell’ottica della teoria sull’equilibrio tra le forze sociali, che mette in dubbio la possibilità di erigere un efficace governo parlamentare quando determinate circostanze storiche conducono ad uno stallo nella lotta sociale. L’esecutivo parlamentare costituiva un punto imprescindibile del programma costituzionale della SPD, che vi ravvisava l’unica soluzione compatibile con gli obiettivi di un socialismo democratico da compiersi per via legislativa. Ma la SPD poteva identificarsi appie-no nel dettato costituzionale solo se l’esecutivo autonomo del Presidente fosse rimasta un eventua-lità – per l’appunto – eccezionale. Le ambiguità che si celavano sotto l’immagine della costituzione di Weimar e della SPD quali ‘fratelli siamesi’ la cui separazione comportava la morte per entrambi, costringeva la SPD ad essere il custode della costituzione a prezzo di crescenti contraddizioni. Da un lato, un’adesione totale al parlamentarismo non supportata dal dettato costituzionale; dall’altro lato, l’adesione alla teoria sull’equilibrio delle forze sociali, che invece prediceva la sostituzione del parlamentarismo con un presunto imparziale esecutivo presidenziale.
La ‘presidenzializzazione’ dell’esecutivo weimariano nell’ottica dell’equilibrio tra le forze sociali
Car, R.
2026-01-01
Abstract
The transformation of the Weimar parliamentary government into an autonomous presidential executive is examined from the perspective of the theory of balance between social forces, which questions the possibility of erecting an effective parliamentary government when certain historical circumstances lead to a stalemate in the social struggle. The parliamentary executive constituted an essential point of the SPD’s constitutional program, which saw it as the only solution compatible with the objectives of democratic socialism to be achieved through legislation. But the SPD could fully identify with the constitutional dictate only if the autonomous executive of the President remained an exception. The ambiguities that lay beneath the image of the Weimar constitution and the SPD as ‘Siamese brothers’ whose separation entailed death for both, forced the SPD to be the guard-ian of the constitution at the cost of growing contradictions. On the one hand, a total adherence to parliamentarism that had no support in the constitution; on the other, the theory of the balance of social forces, which predicted the substitution of parliamentarism with an allegedly independent presidential executive.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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