The liberal legal order is characterised by an unprecedented centrality of individual freedom. This takes the form of the absolute freedom of contracting parties, including the freedom to negotiate usurious interest rates on money loans. Access to credit becomes, more than ever, a matter of trust, which is embodied in ownership: only those who can guarantee repayment of the loan deserve trust and access to credit. The abstract contractual framework reinforces the exclusion from the system of those who live solely on their work. In this context, while the crime of usury is abolished, two issues arise: on the one hand, a cornerstone of the liberal-bourgeois legal order, namely the actual freedom of contracting parties, is called into question. On the other hand, the social question worsens, as difficulty in accessing credit also affects the ‘middle class’. The liberal culture reacts in three directions: the attempts, all failed, to reintroduce the crime of usury; the promotion of mutual aid associations to grant access to credit without support from the state or private charity, relying instead on community trust; and finally, the emergence of a new eclectic scientific approach, based on sociological observation, which addresses the social issue by encouraging policies, including legislative prevention ones, and the promotion of mutual associations as a penal substitute for the prevention of crimes against property.
L’ordine giuridico liberale è caratterizzato da una inedita centralità della libertà individuale. Questa si declina nella assoluta libertà dei contraenti, anche di contrattare tassi usurari d’interesse sul prestito di denaro. L’accesso al credito, più che mai, diventa una questione di fiducia che si sostanzia nel possedere: solo chi può dare garanzia di restituzione del prestito merita la fiducia e accede al credito. L’astratto schema contrattuale rafforza l’esclusione dall’ordinamento di chi vive solo del proprio lavoro. In questo contesto, mentre viene cancellato il reato di usura, da un lato viene messo in discussione un caposaldo dell’ordine giuridico liberal-borghese, ossia l’effettiva libertà dei contraenti. Dall’altro lato si aggrava la questione sociale perché la difficoltà di accesso al credito investe anche il “ceto medio”. La cultura liberale reagisce in tre direzioni: i tentativi, tutti falliti, di reintroduzione del reato di usura; la promozione di associazioni di mutuo soccorso per accedere al credito senza aiuti da parte dello Stato o dalla beneficenza privata, ma facendo leva piuttosto sulla fiducia della comunità; infine l’emersione di un nuovo approccio scientifico eclettico, basato sull’osservazione sociologica, che affronta la questione sociale incoraggiando politiche anche legislative di prevenzione, tra cui la promozione dell’associazionismo mutualistico come sostitutivo penale per la prevenzione dei reati contro il patrimonio.
‘Dare credito’, ‘dare fiducia’: usura e mutuo soccorso tra Otto e Novecento
M. Stronati
2024-01-01
Abstract
The liberal legal order is characterised by an unprecedented centrality of individual freedom. This takes the form of the absolute freedom of contracting parties, including the freedom to negotiate usurious interest rates on money loans. Access to credit becomes, more than ever, a matter of trust, which is embodied in ownership: only those who can guarantee repayment of the loan deserve trust and access to credit. The abstract contractual framework reinforces the exclusion from the system of those who live solely on their work. In this context, while the crime of usury is abolished, two issues arise: on the one hand, a cornerstone of the liberal-bourgeois legal order, namely the actual freedom of contracting parties, is called into question. On the other hand, the social question worsens, as difficulty in accessing credit also affects the ‘middle class’. The liberal culture reacts in three directions: the attempts, all failed, to reintroduce the crime of usury; the promotion of mutual aid associations to grant access to credit without support from the state or private charity, relying instead on community trust; and finally, the emergence of a new eclectic scientific approach, based on sociological observation, which addresses the social issue by encouraging policies, including legislative prevention ones, and the promotion of mutual associations as a penal substitute for the prevention of crimes against property.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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