The European Schools constitute a particular education system officially born in 1957 for very practical reasons, to meet the educational needs of children of European Coal and Steel Community’s officials. In these Schools, the value of cultural diversity and of an education aimed at cultivating awareness and respect towards "the Other" has been stressed quite often since their foundation, even though previous research has shown some weak points, such as their being more the expression of an elite in its making (Finaldi-Baratieri, 2000) or a lack in terms of critical reflection and pedagogy (Leaton Gray et al. 2018). Moreover, even though the impact of the European Schools might have been controversial, they contributed, no matter how marginally, to the definition of an intercultural model of education (Van Houtte, 1960) and to vehiculate the idea of a mixed European identity built on a common citizenship, cultural heritage and exchange based on tolerance and openness. Considering these premises, the present work focuses on the European Schools System and is structured around three research questions. The first is the following: what complex image of citizenship education - which status, virtues, ideas of identity and agency, to quote Schugurensky (2010) - can be found in the European Schools System from their origins till the ‘90s? In addition to this, recognizing the close link between citizenship education and the curriculum (Depaepe, 2002; Tröhler et al., 2011; Tröhler, 2019), the second following question was formulated: how has this image been constructed through the curriculum of the European Schools and considering the curriculum in a broad perspective and in its different layers (Goodson, 2005; Popkewitz, 2011; Tröhler, 2019; Dussel, 2020)? Answers to these questions have been partially given by previous research: a review of it has been conducted in Chapter 1 of the present work after having explained what the European Schools are and having indicated some fundamental stages and features in their history. Furthermore, considering the intricate transnational nature of the European Schools and the network configuration of the European space of education (Grek, Lawn, 2012) and with the aim of observing the object of study in a diffractive mode (Barad, 2007; Van Ruyskensvelde et al., 2021) , a third question based on the entangled transnational perspective (Roldán Vera, Fuchs, 2019) was added, namely what influences from different traditions and actors can be detected in the European Schools’ attitude towards Citizenship Education and curriculum? In Chapter 1, the theoretical and methodological foundations underlying the reasoning that will subsequently be constructed and the analysis conducted will be retraced: in particular, the panorama of studies on citizenship education, the theories on the curriculum and the research on the transnational perspective have been reconstructed to position the present research. In Chapter 2, the analysis of two discourses by Albert Van Houtte has been carried out. The aforementioned discourses were pronounced in two different international arenas in the ‘60s and they both made reference to the origins of the European Schools and of the contexts in which they were pronounced: the aim is to have a look at the wider horizon the European Schools were part of, at which interactions can be detected there and how and if they could be significant for the images of citizenship education and the curriculum. In Chapter 3, various documents such as the 1957 Statute, the different harmonized programmes and timetables, and studies on the reforms of the Primary School curriculum have been analyzed in order to depict the prescriptive level of the curriculum in search of influences, transfers, pedagogical principles that had a role in defining concepts related to Citizenship Education and in the organization of the European Schools. Though, since the theorethical prescriptive discourse and aims usually differ from the practice, Chapter 4 focuses on a preliminary analysis on the Pedagogical Bullettins of the European Schools and the provisional observations derived from there on the relational dimension of the curriculum (Goodson, 2005) and its impact on the idea of Citizenship Education. The sources analyzed extend over a period of time from 1957 to 1994. What emerges in the end is an image of Citizenship Education and the curriculum shaped by many intertwined influences and pedagogical views, giving life to a complex mixture that is both national and global - at least 'on paper' – rooted in “educational internationalism” (Hofstetter, Schneuwly, 2020), based on dialogue and peace, respect for the individual, collaboration and active participation; a citizenship that calls for the recognition of all differences and yet made such process more difficult in practice.
Le Scuole Europee costituiscono un particolare sistema educativo nato ufficialmente nel 1957 per rispondere alle esigenze educative dei figli dei funzionari della Comunità Europea del Carbone e dell'Acciaio. In queste scuole il valore della diversità culturale e di un'educazione volta a coltivare la consapevolezza e il rispetto verso "l'altro" è stato sottolineato molto spesso fin dalla loro fondazione anche se ricerche precedenti hanno evidenziato alcuni punti deboli, come il fatto di essere per lo più l'espressione di un'élite in via di formazione (Finaldi-Baratieri, 2000) o una mancanza in termini di riflessione e pedagogia critica (Leaton Gray et al. 2018). Inoltre, anche se l'impatto delle Scuole Europee può essere considerato controverso, esse hanno contribuito, per quanto marginalmente, alla definizione di un modello interculturale di educazione (Van Houtte, 1960) e a veicolare l'idea di un'identità europea composita costruita sulla base di una cittadinanza, un patrimonio culturale e uno scambio comuni e basati su principi di tolleranza e apertura. Tenendo conto di queste premesse, il presente lavoro si concentra sul sistema delle Scuole europee e si articola intorno a tre domande di ricerca. La prima è la seguente: quale immagine complessa dell'educazione alla cittadinanza – intesa come status, virtù, identità e agency (Schugurensky, 2010) - si può trovare in queste Scuole dalle loro origini fino agli anni '90? Riconoscendo lo stretto legame tra l'educazione alla cittadinanza e il curricolo scolastico (Depaepe, 2002; Tröhler et al., 2011; Tröhler, 2019) è stata poi formulata la seconda domanda: come è stata costruita questa immagine di educazione alla cittadinanza attraverso il curricolo delle Scuole europee considerato in una prospettiva ampia e nei suoi diversi livelli (Goodson, 2005; Popkewitz, 2011; Tröhler, 2019; Dussel, 2020)? La ricerca precedente ha in parte risposto a queste: una rassegna di ciò è condotta nel Capitolo 1 del presente lavoro dopo aver spiegato cosa sono le Scuole europee e aver indicato alcune tappe fondamentali della loro storia. Considerando poi l'intricata natura transnazionale delle Scuole europee e le reti che contraddistinguono lo Spazio europeo dell'educazione (Grek, Lawn, 2012) e con l'obiettivo di osservare l'oggetto di studio in modalità diffrattiva (Barad, 2007; Van Ruyskensvelde et al., 2021), è stata aggiunta la seguente terza domanda basata su una prospettiva transnazionale intrecciata (Roldán Vera, Fuchs, 2019): quali influenze provenienti da tradizioni e attori diversi possono essere rilevate nelle Scuole europee nei confronti dell'educazione alla cittadinanza e del curriculum? Nel Capitolo 1, oltre alla storia e alle caratteristiche principali delle Scuole europee, si ripercorrono i fondamenti teorici e metodologici alla base dell'analisi condotta: in particolare, viene ricostruito il panorama degli studi sull'educazione alla cittadinanza, le teorie sul curricolo e le ricerche sulla prospettiva transnazionale in riferimento a cui si posiziona la presente ricerca. Nel Capitolo 2 è stata condotta l'analisi di due discorsi di Albert Van Houtte che ebbe un ruolo decisivo nei primi anni di vita delle Scuole. I discorsi citati sono stati pronunciati in due diverse arene internazionali negli anni '60 e fanno entrambi riferimento alle origini delle Scuole e ai contesti in cui sono stati pronunciati: l'obiettivo è quello di gettare uno sguardo sull'orizzonte più ampio con cui le Scuole europee interagivano e comprendere che effetti tali interazioni abbiano avuto sulle idee alla base dell'educazione alla cittadinanza e del curriculum. Nel Capitolo 3 sono stati analizzati vari documenti come lo Statuto del 1957, i diversi programmi armonizzati e gli studi sulle riforme del curriculum della Scuola Primaria al fine di descrivere il livello prescrittivo del curriculum alla ricerca di influenze, trasferimenti, principi pedagogici fondativi per l'Educazione alla Cittadinanza e l'organizzazione delle Scuole stesse. Tuttavia, poiché il discorso e gli obiettivi teorici prescrittivi di solito differiscono dalla pratica, il Capitolo 4 si concentra su un'analisi preliminare dei Pedagogical Bulletins delle Scuole europee e sulle osservazioni provvisorie che ne derivano relativamente alla dimensione relazionale del curricolo (Goodson, 2005) e sul suo impatto sull'idea di educazione alla cittadinanza. Le fonti analizzate in questo lavoro coprono un arco temporale dal 1957 al 1994. Ciò che emerge è un'immagine dell'Educazione alla cittadinanza e del curricolo plasmata da molte influenze e visioni pedagogiche intrecciate che danno vita a un insieme complesso che è al tempo stesso nazionale e globale - almeno "sulla carta" - radicato nell’ "internazionalismo educativo" (Hofstetter, Schneuwly, 2020), basato sul dialogo e sulla pace, sul rispetto per l'individuo, sulla collaborazione e sulla partecipazione attiva, una cittadinanza che richiede il riconoscimento di tutte le differenze e che tuttavia presenta diverse contraddizioni nel fare ciò.
Citizenship Education and the Curriculum in the European Schools System: a multidimensional history (1957 1994) / Girotti, E.. - ELETTRONICO. - (2024).
Citizenship Education and the Curriculum in the European Schools System: a multidimensional history (1957 1994)
E. Girotti
2024-01-01
Abstract
The European Schools constitute a particular education system officially born in 1957 for very practical reasons, to meet the educational needs of children of European Coal and Steel Community’s officials. In these Schools, the value of cultural diversity and of an education aimed at cultivating awareness and respect towards "the Other" has been stressed quite often since their foundation, even though previous research has shown some weak points, such as their being more the expression of an elite in its making (Finaldi-Baratieri, 2000) or a lack in terms of critical reflection and pedagogy (Leaton Gray et al. 2018). Moreover, even though the impact of the European Schools might have been controversial, they contributed, no matter how marginally, to the definition of an intercultural model of education (Van Houtte, 1960) and to vehiculate the idea of a mixed European identity built on a common citizenship, cultural heritage and exchange based on tolerance and openness. Considering these premises, the present work focuses on the European Schools System and is structured around three research questions. The first is the following: what complex image of citizenship education - which status, virtues, ideas of identity and agency, to quote Schugurensky (2010) - can be found in the European Schools System from their origins till the ‘90s? In addition to this, recognizing the close link between citizenship education and the curriculum (Depaepe, 2002; Tröhler et al., 2011; Tröhler, 2019), the second following question was formulated: how has this image been constructed through the curriculum of the European Schools and considering the curriculum in a broad perspective and in its different layers (Goodson, 2005; Popkewitz, 2011; Tröhler, 2019; Dussel, 2020)? Answers to these questions have been partially given by previous research: a review of it has been conducted in Chapter 1 of the present work after having explained what the European Schools are and having indicated some fundamental stages and features in their history. Furthermore, considering the intricate transnational nature of the European Schools and the network configuration of the European space of education (Grek, Lawn, 2012) and with the aim of observing the object of study in a diffractive mode (Barad, 2007; Van Ruyskensvelde et al., 2021) , a third question based on the entangled transnational perspective (Roldán Vera, Fuchs, 2019) was added, namely what influences from different traditions and actors can be detected in the European Schools’ attitude towards Citizenship Education and curriculum? In Chapter 1, the theoretical and methodological foundations underlying the reasoning that will subsequently be constructed and the analysis conducted will be retraced: in particular, the panorama of studies on citizenship education, the theories on the curriculum and the research on the transnational perspective have been reconstructed to position the present research. In Chapter 2, the analysis of two discourses by Albert Van Houtte has been carried out. The aforementioned discourses were pronounced in two different international arenas in the ‘60s and they both made reference to the origins of the European Schools and of the contexts in which they were pronounced: the aim is to have a look at the wider horizon the European Schools were part of, at which interactions can be detected there and how and if they could be significant for the images of citizenship education and the curriculum. In Chapter 3, various documents such as the 1957 Statute, the different harmonized programmes and timetables, and studies on the reforms of the Primary School curriculum have been analyzed in order to depict the prescriptive level of the curriculum in search of influences, transfers, pedagogical principles that had a role in defining concepts related to Citizenship Education and in the organization of the European Schools. Though, since the theorethical prescriptive discourse and aims usually differ from the practice, Chapter 4 focuses on a preliminary analysis on the Pedagogical Bullettins of the European Schools and the provisional observations derived from there on the relational dimension of the curriculum (Goodson, 2005) and its impact on the idea of Citizenship Education. The sources analyzed extend over a period of time from 1957 to 1994. What emerges in the end is an image of Citizenship Education and the curriculum shaped by many intertwined influences and pedagogical views, giving life to a complex mixture that is both national and global - at least 'on paper' – rooted in “educational internationalism” (Hofstetter, Schneuwly, 2020), based on dialogue and peace, respect for the individual, collaboration and active participation; a citizenship that calls for the recognition of all differences and yet made such process more difficult in practice.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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