Il Sud è stato a lungo ombra e specchio del Nord. E ciò è vero tanto per il Sud Italia, quanto per quello che oggi chiamiamo Sud globale e una volta definivamo Terzo Mondo, ovvero per quella parte del pianeta che, nel corso dell’Ottocento e del Novecento, è stata colonizzata dall’Occidente europeo e statunitense. Questa “coincidenza” ha fatto sì che, nell’analisi di tale fenomeno a livello culturale, venissero impiegate, nell’uno come nell’altro caso, le medesime categorie: categorie coniate nell’ambito del processo di decolonizzazione e collaudate sulla produzione artistico-letteraria di paesi uscenti dallo smantellamento degli imperi. Il vantaggio dell’applicazione della cosiddetta “metodologia postcoloniale” alla cultura del Sud Italia ha però, sin da subito, mostrato il suo rovescio: essa andava ad avvalorare le ipotesi più radicali e discutibili del revisionismo risorgimentale, che vedono nell’unificazione nazionale l’instaurazione di un colonialismo interno ai danni del Meridione e delle isole. Talvolta ciò avveniva in accordo con le posizioni espresse dagli stessi scrittori presi in esame, altre volte, invece, l’approccio metodologico determinava l’esito dell’analisi, ben al di là della lettera del testo. Di qui l’esigenza, di cui questo lavoro di tesi è espressione, di trovare nuove categorie per analizzare quell’effetto prodotto dal rispecchiamento del Nord sul Sud Italia. Per fare ciò, si è scelto di concentrare l’attenzione principalmente sulla cultura: come spieghiamo diffusamente nel primo capitolo, ci siamo infatti basati sull’approccio semiotico-culturale di Jurij Lotman, integrandolo con l’apporto di altre “teorie della differenza”, e abbiamo così messo a punto un paradigma analitico con cui indagare le opere degli scrittori meridionali e gli elementi che le accomunano. Questi ultimi, a nostro avviso, sono il prodotto dal “dialogo” che si è venuto ad instaurare fra le due parti del Paese a partire dall’Unità e, osservati nel loro insieme, sono in grado di delineare una genealogia, se non una vera e propria tradizione letteraria del Mezzogiorno; dove, con la parola Mezzogiorno, intendiamo riferirci a quelle regioni del Sud che la nazione settentriocentrica, proprio con tale termine, ha inteso alterizzare e che di tale termine si sono poi appropriate per rivendicare l’autonomia della propria rappresentazione. Appare evidente come una simile analisi acquisti valore con l’allargarsi della casistica e delle comparazioni, e in tal senso la presente ricerca vuole essere solo un punto di partenza cui auspichiamo possano seguire altre più ampie trattazioni. In questa sede, infatti, abbiamo scelto di circoscrivere l’indagine a un numero di autori piuttosto ristretto che consentisse di testare la validità dell’approccio adottato senza trascurare l’approfondimento esegetico dei testi e l’analisi in diacronia delle poetiche. La scelta del corpus, in parte inevitabilmente arbitraria, si è quindi basata sugli elementi di comunanza rintracciati fra gli scrittori, ma ha anche provato a tenere conto di una certa rappresentatività territoriale e di genere. La tesi si struttura in sette capitoli: a un capitolo introduttivo in cui vengono presentati il problema e la metodologia con la quale si intende affrontarlo, segue un secondo capitolo incentrato sul dibattito relativo all’immagine alterizzante del Meridione e volto a restituire la dimensione raggiunta dalla discussione, nonché a sviscerare le criticità fin qui sollevate e spesso rimaste insolute. I capitoli successivi sono dedicati ai cinque autori: partendo da alcuni elementi biografici importanti per comprendere il loro rapporto con il Sud, la trattazione procede con l’analisi delle opere legate alla regione d’appartenenza e trova compimento nell’esame accurato di un’opera in particolare, momento apicale della loro identificazione con il Mezzogiorno. Per quanto riguarda Giovanni Verga, la ricerca prende le mosse da alcune novelle contenute nelle raccolte Primavera e altri racconti, Vita dei campi e Novelle rusticane, per poi concentrarsi sull’analisi dei Malavoglia. Di Gabriele d’Annunzio si indaga brevemente la raccolta d’esordio, Terra vergine, per poi proseguire con la lettura critica del Trionfo della morte, dell’orazione Laude dell’illaudato e infine, in modo più dettagliato, della tragedia pastorale La figlia di Iorio. Per Grazia Deledda, da una disamina delle sillogi narrative e delle opere etnografiche giovanili si passa all’analisi di alcune novelle della maturità e del romanzo Canne al vento. Per quanto riguarda Silone, dopo un breve inquadramento della sua opera, l’analisi si incentra interamente sul suo primo e più importante romanzo, Fontamara, attraverso una attenta indagine sul testo. La tesi si conclude con la trattazione dell’opera di Anna Maria Ortese, partendo dai racconti de L’Infanta sepolta che hanno per oggetto Napoli, passando per lo spartiacque, non solo poetico, ma anche biografico, del Mare non bagna Napoli, per terminare con l’analisi dell’Iguana.
The South has long been the shadow and mirror of the North. And this is true for Southern Italy as well as for what we now call the global South and what we used to call the Third World, i.e. that part of the planet which, during the 19th and 20th centuries, was colonized by the European and American West. This "coincidence" has meant that, in the analysis of this phenomenon on a cultural level, the same categories have been used in both cases: categories coined in the process of decolonization and tested on the artistic-literary production of former colonial countries. The advantage of applying "postcolonial methodology" to the culture of Southern Italy, however, immediately showed its downside: it supported the most radical and questionable hypotheses of the Risorgimento revisionism, i.e. the interpretation of national unification as an internal colonization to the detriment of the South. Sometimes the support of this hypothesis was due to the positions expressed by writers themselves, other times, however, the methodological approach determined the outcome of the analysis. Hence the need, which this thesis seeks to fill, to find new categories to analyze the effect produced by the mirroring of the North on the South of Italy. In order to do this, we focused our attention mainly on culture: as we explain at length in the first chapter of the research, we based our analysis on Jurij Lotman's semiotic-cultural approach, and integrated it with the contribution of other "theories of difference". In this way we have developed an analytical paradigm through which to investigate the works of southern writers and the elements they have in common. The latter, in our opinion, are the product of the "dialogue" that has been established between the two parts of the country since the Unity and, observed as a whole, are able to outline a genealogy, if not a real literary tradition of Mezzogiorno; where, with the word ‘Mezzogiorno’, we intend to refer to those regions of the South that the central-nation, with such a term, has intended to stigmatize and that have then appropriated such a term to claim the autonomy of their own representation. It appears evident that such an analysis acquires value with the enlargement of the casuistry and of the comparisons, and in this sense our thesis wants to be only a starting point of a wider research. Here, in fact, we have chosen to limit the investigation to a rather limited number of authors on which to test the validity of our methodological approach, without neglecting the exegetical study of literary productions and poetics in their diachronic evolution. The choice of the corpus, in part inevitably arbitrary, was therefore based on the elements of commonality found among the writers, but also took into account a certain territorial and genre representativeness. The thesis is structured in seven chapters: an introductory chapter in which the problem and the methodology are presented, is followed by a second chapter focused on the debate concerning the othering image of Southern Italy and aimed at summarizing the critical issues raised so far and often left unresolved. The following chapters are dedicated to the five authors: starting from some biographical elements important to understand their relationship with the South, the discussion proceeds with the analysis of the works linked to the region they belong to and finds its completion in the accurate examination of one work in particular. With regard to Giovanni Verga, the research begins with some of the novellas contained in the collections Primavera e altri racconti, Vita dei campi and Novelle rusticane and then focuses on the analysis of the Malavoglia. For Gabriele d’Annunzio, we briefly analyze the debut novella collection, Terra vergine, and then continue with a critical reading of the novel Trionfo della morte, the oration Laude dell'illaudato and finally, in more detail, the pastoral tragedy La figlia di Iorio. For Grazia Deledda, from an examination of the narrative syllogies and ethnographic works of her youth, we move on to the analysis of some novellas of her maturity and the novel Canne al vento. As for Silone, after a brief overview of his work, the analysis focuses entirely on his first and most important novel, Fontamara, through a careful investigation of the text. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the work of Anna Maria Ortese, starting with the stories of L'Infanta sepolta that have Naples as their subject, passing through the watershed, not only poetic, but also biographical, of Mare non bagna Napoli, and ending with an analysis of The Iguana.
Effetto Sud Il Mezzogiorno degli scrittori meridionali Verga, d’Annunzio, Deledda, Silone, Ortese / Dominioni, MARIA VALERIA. - CD-ROM. - (2021).
Effetto Sud Il Mezzogiorno degli scrittori meridionali Verga, d’Annunzio, Deledda, Silone, Ortese
Dominioni Maria Valeria
2021-01-01
Abstract
The South has long been the shadow and mirror of the North. And this is true for Southern Italy as well as for what we now call the global South and what we used to call the Third World, i.e. that part of the planet which, during the 19th and 20th centuries, was colonized by the European and American West. This "coincidence" has meant that, in the analysis of this phenomenon on a cultural level, the same categories have been used in both cases: categories coined in the process of decolonization and tested on the artistic-literary production of former colonial countries. The advantage of applying "postcolonial methodology" to the culture of Southern Italy, however, immediately showed its downside: it supported the most radical and questionable hypotheses of the Risorgimento revisionism, i.e. the interpretation of national unification as an internal colonization to the detriment of the South. Sometimes the support of this hypothesis was due to the positions expressed by writers themselves, other times, however, the methodological approach determined the outcome of the analysis. Hence the need, which this thesis seeks to fill, to find new categories to analyze the effect produced by the mirroring of the North on the South of Italy. In order to do this, we focused our attention mainly on culture: as we explain at length in the first chapter of the research, we based our analysis on Jurij Lotman's semiotic-cultural approach, and integrated it with the contribution of other "theories of difference". In this way we have developed an analytical paradigm through which to investigate the works of southern writers and the elements they have in common. The latter, in our opinion, are the product of the "dialogue" that has been established between the two parts of the country since the Unity and, observed as a whole, are able to outline a genealogy, if not a real literary tradition of Mezzogiorno; where, with the word ‘Mezzogiorno’, we intend to refer to those regions of the South that the central-nation, with such a term, has intended to stigmatize and that have then appropriated such a term to claim the autonomy of their own representation. It appears evident that such an analysis acquires value with the enlargement of the casuistry and of the comparisons, and in this sense our thesis wants to be only a starting point of a wider research. Here, in fact, we have chosen to limit the investigation to a rather limited number of authors on which to test the validity of our methodological approach, without neglecting the exegetical study of literary productions and poetics in their diachronic evolution. The choice of the corpus, in part inevitably arbitrary, was therefore based on the elements of commonality found among the writers, but also took into account a certain territorial and genre representativeness. The thesis is structured in seven chapters: an introductory chapter in which the problem and the methodology are presented, is followed by a second chapter focused on the debate concerning the othering image of Southern Italy and aimed at summarizing the critical issues raised so far and often left unresolved. The following chapters are dedicated to the five authors: starting from some biographical elements important to understand their relationship with the South, the discussion proceeds with the analysis of the works linked to the region they belong to and finds its completion in the accurate examination of one work in particular. With regard to Giovanni Verga, the research begins with some of the novellas contained in the collections Primavera e altri racconti, Vita dei campi and Novelle rusticane and then focuses on the analysis of the Malavoglia. For Gabriele d’Annunzio, we briefly analyze the debut novella collection, Terra vergine, and then continue with a critical reading of the novel Trionfo della morte, the oration Laude dell'illaudato and finally, in more detail, the pastoral tragedy La figlia di Iorio. For Grazia Deledda, from an examination of the narrative syllogies and ethnographic works of her youth, we move on to the analysis of some novellas of her maturity and the novel Canne al vento. As for Silone, after a brief overview of his work, the analysis focuses entirely on his first and most important novel, Fontamara, through a careful investigation of the text. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the work of Anna Maria Ortese, starting with the stories of L'Infanta sepolta that have Naples as their subject, passing through the watershed, not only poetic, but also biographical, of Mare non bagna Napoli, and ending with an analysis of The Iguana.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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