The increasing awareness of the environmental crisis and the imperative to develop sustainable production models have prompted reflection on the role that law, and in particular labour law, can play in promoting sustainability. Within this framework, environmental sustainability is approached not merely as a programmatic or political value, but as a principle with systemic relevance, capable of guiding normative frameworks and practical applications, and influencing multiple domains of the legal order, including labour regulation. This research is premised on the view that such a principle can provide tools for balancing economic freedoms, the protection of workers, and environmental safeguarding, contributing to a redefinition of the boundaries of labour law in relation to collective and public interests. The study proceeds along two principal dimensions. On the one hand, it offers a theoretical reflection on the integration of environmental sustainability into labour law, understood as a criterion for balancing the rights and obligations of the parties involved. On the other hand, it examines the concrete mechanisms through which this principle translates into managerial duties, contractual innovations, and new professional models, demonstrating how environmental protection can permeate work organization and influence employment dynamics. The first chapter, “Environmental Protection in Labour Law,” establishes the theoretical and systematic framework for the labour–environment nexus. It recalls key international instruments and standards, including those of the International Labour Organization and the Sustainable Development Goals, which identify a correlation between decent work and sustainable development. The evolution of European law is examined, highlighting the shift of sustainability from a soft law principle to a binding parameter for enterprises, through instruments such as reporting, due diligence, and transparency obligations. The chapter proceeds to analyse the recent Italian constitutional reform, which incorporates environmental protection into Articles 9 and 41, and engages in a comparative assessment with similar European experiences, evaluating the effectiveness and practical enforceability of environmental clauses across different legal systems. The second chapter, “Economic Initiative and Environmental Sustainability: Practical Pathways and Contractual Paradigms,” explores the implications of sustainability for entrepreneurial freedom and the regulation of labour relations. The constitutional reform and the growing emphasis on corporate social responsibility suggest a “functionalized” interpretation of economic initiative, whereby social utility encompasses the prevention of environmental harm. The chapter examines preliminary constitutional jurisprudence recognizing environmental dimensions as parameters for the legitimacy of economic activity and extending the employer’s duty of care to the external environment, safeguarding collective health and territorial integrity. The analysis also addresses public procurement, minimum environmental criteria, and green public procurement as instruments to incentivize sustainability in corporate practices, while critically discussing the “ecological contract” theory, highlighting its limits and potential applications within labour law. The third chapter, “Environmental Sustainability in Collective Bargaining,” investigates the collective dimension of the labour–environment relationship. Collective bargaining, given its capacity to tailor general rules to the specificities of productive contexts, represents a privileged instrument for translating sustainability into operational practices and shared commitments among social partners. International experiences of integrating pro-environment clauses and social responsibility agreements are analysed, illustrating a cultural evolution in industrial relations increasingly oriented toward joint management of the green transition. The discussion then focuses on the Italian context, examining green bonuses and the role of the Health, Safety, and Environment Workers’ Representative, and provides a comparative perspective with the United Kingdom and Spain, where collective bargaining more systematically integrates environmental justice and worker participation in ecological transition processes. The fourth chapter, “Professional Competencies, Active Labour Policies, and the Ecological Transition,” addresses the dynamic dimension of labour law, particularly the evolution of skills and employment policies. Green jobs and green skills are analysed as outcomes of the interaction between technological transformation, productive reconversion, and emerging demand for qualified labour. Professional competence is interpreted as a continually evolving category, situated within a sustainable production context. Attention is devoted to active labour policies aimed at ecological retraining and the mitigation of employment impacts arising from the transition, with specific reference to the Italian “Fondo Nuove Competenze” and comparative insights from France, where environmental considerations are systematically embedded in training and employment policies. The research adopts a multilayered approach, combining normative analysis, theoretical reflection, and observation of practical applications. It demonstrates how environmental sustainability can redefine the scope of labour law, introduce new functions and balances between public and private interests, and offer instruments for governing the ecological transition. The study further highlights how contemporary labour law can reconcile economic development, environmental protection, and the dignity of work, thereby fostering social cohesion, employment stability, and sustainability, while contributing to a renewed conception of social justice in the era of ecological transition.
La crescente consapevolezza della crisi ambientale e della necessità di sviluppare modelli produttivi sostenibili ha posto interrogativi sul ruolo che il diritto, e in particolare il diritto del lavoro, può svolgere nella promozione della sostenibilità. In questo contesto, la sostenibilità ambientale non è concepita come un valore meramente programmatico o politico, ma come un principio che può assumere una funzione sistemica, capace di orientare la normativa e le prassi applicative, influenzando i diversi ambiti dell’ordinamento, inclusa la disciplina giuslavoristica. L’idea guida di questa ricerca è che tale principio possa offrire strumenti di equilibrio tra libertà economiche, tutela dei lavoratori e protezione dell’ambiente, contribuendo a ridefinire i confini del diritto del lavoro in relazione agli interessi collettivi e pubblici. Il lavoro si sviluppa lungo due direttrici principali. Da un lato, propone una riflessione teorica sull’integrazione della sostenibilità ambientale nel diritto del lavoro, intesa come criterio di bilanciamento tra diritti e obblighi dei soggetti coinvolti. Dall’altro, analizza concretamente i meccanismi attraverso cui questo principio si traduce in obblighi gestionali, innovazioni contrattuali e nuovi modelli professionali, mostrando come la tutela ambientale possa permeare l’organizzazione del lavoro e incidere sulle dinamiche occupazionali. Il primo capitolo, “La tutela ambientale nel diritto del lavoro”, delinea il quadro teorico e sistematico del rapporto tra lavoro e ambiente. Vengono richiamati i principali strumenti e standard internazionali, a partire dall’Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro e dai Sustainable Development Goals, che individuano una correlazione tra lavoro dignitoso e sviluppo sostenibile. Si approfondisce l’evoluzione del diritto europeo, con particolare attenzione al passaggio della sostenibilità da principio di soft law a parametro vincolante per le imprese, attraverso strumenti come reporting, due diligence e obblighi di trasparenza. Il capitolo prosegue con l’analisi della recente riforma costituzionale italiana, che integra la tutela dell’ambiente negli articoli 9 e 41, e propone un confronto con esperienze europee analoghe, valutando l’effettività e la concretezza delle clausole ambientali nei diversi ordinamenti. Il secondo capitolo, “Iniziativa economica e sostenibilità ambientale: percorsi applicativi e paradigmi contrattuali”, esplora le implicazioni della sostenibilità per la libertà d’impresa e per la regolazione dei rapporti di lavoro. La riforma costituzionale e la crescente attenzione alla responsabilità sociale delle imprese suggeriscono un’interpretazione funzionalizzata dell’iniziativa economica, nella quale l’utilità sociale si estende alla prevenzione dei danni ambientali. Vengono esaminate le prime indicazioni giurisprudenziali che considerano la dimensione ambientale come parametro di legittimità dell’attività economica e l’estensione del dovere di sicurezza del datore di lavoro all’ambiente esterno, a tutela della salute collettiva e del territorio. Il capitolo analizza inoltre il ruolo dei contratti pubblici, dei criteri ambientali minimi e del green public procurement come strumenti di incentivazione della sostenibilità nelle imprese, e discute criticamente la “teoria del contratto ecologico”, evidenziandone limiti e potenzialità applicative nell’ambito giuslavoristico. Il terzo capitolo, “La sostenibilità ambientale nella contrattazione collettiva”, approfondisce la dimensione collettiva del rapporto tra lavoro e ambiente. La contrattazione collettiva, per la sua capacità di modulare regole generali secondo le specificità dei contesti produttivi, costituisce uno strumento privilegiato per tradurre la sostenibilità in prassi operative e in impegni condivisi tra le parti sociali. Vengono analizzate esperienze internazionali di inserimento di clausole pro-ambiente e patti di responsabilità sociale, evidenziando l’evoluzione culturale delle relazioni industriali orientate alla gestione congiunta della transizione verde. Si passa quindi al caso italiano, con riferimento ai green bonus e al ruolo del Rappresentante dei Lavoratori per la Salute, Sicurezza e Ambiente, e si propone un confronto comparato con Regno Unito e Spagna, dove la contrattazione collettiva integra in modo più strutturale la giustizia ambientale e la partecipazione dei lavoratori nei processi di transizione ecologica. Il quarto capitolo, “Professionalità, politiche attive e transizione ecologica”, affronta la dimensione dinamica del diritto del lavoro, legata all’evoluzione delle competenze e alle politiche occupazionali. Vengono analizzati i green jobs e le green skills, come frutto dell’interazione tra trasformazione tecnologica, riconversione produttiva e nuova domanda di lavoro qualificato. La professionalità viene interpretata come categoria in continua evoluzione, inserita in un contesto produttivo sostenibile. Ampio spazio è dedicato alle politiche attive, orientate alla riqualificazione ecologica dei lavoratori e alla prevenzione degli effetti occupazionali della transizione, con particolare riferimento al Fondo Nuove Competenze e alle esperienze comparate, in particolare quella francese, dove la dimensione ambientale è sistematicamente integrata nelle politiche formative e occupazionali. La ricerca adotta un approccio multilivello, combinando analisi normativa, riflessione teorica e osservazione delle prassi applicative. Essa mostra come la sostenibilità ambientale possa ridefinire i confini del diritto del lavoro, introdurre nuove funzioni e bilanciamenti tra interessi pubblici e privati, individuali e collettivi, e offrire strumenti per governare la transizione ecologica. La tesi evidenzia inoltre come il diritto del lavoro contemporaneo possa conciliare progresso economico, tutela ambientale e dignità del lavoro, contribuendo a costruire coesione sociale, stabilità occupazionale e sostenibilità, e definendo un nuovo concetto di giustizia sociale nella fase di transizione ecologica.
DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E SOSTENIBILITÀ AMBIENTALE: UNA CONVERGENZA NECESSARIA / Minetti, B.. - (2026 Mar 12).
DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E SOSTENIBILITÀ AMBIENTALE: UNA CONVERGENZA NECESSARIA
Minetti, B.
2026-03-12
Abstract
The increasing awareness of the environmental crisis and the imperative to develop sustainable production models have prompted reflection on the role that law, and in particular labour law, can play in promoting sustainability. Within this framework, environmental sustainability is approached not merely as a programmatic or political value, but as a principle with systemic relevance, capable of guiding normative frameworks and practical applications, and influencing multiple domains of the legal order, including labour regulation. This research is premised on the view that such a principle can provide tools for balancing economic freedoms, the protection of workers, and environmental safeguarding, contributing to a redefinition of the boundaries of labour law in relation to collective and public interests. The study proceeds along two principal dimensions. On the one hand, it offers a theoretical reflection on the integration of environmental sustainability into labour law, understood as a criterion for balancing the rights and obligations of the parties involved. On the other hand, it examines the concrete mechanisms through which this principle translates into managerial duties, contractual innovations, and new professional models, demonstrating how environmental protection can permeate work organization and influence employment dynamics. The first chapter, “Environmental Protection in Labour Law,” establishes the theoretical and systematic framework for the labour–environment nexus. It recalls key international instruments and standards, including those of the International Labour Organization and the Sustainable Development Goals, which identify a correlation between decent work and sustainable development. The evolution of European law is examined, highlighting the shift of sustainability from a soft law principle to a binding parameter for enterprises, through instruments such as reporting, due diligence, and transparency obligations. The chapter proceeds to analyse the recent Italian constitutional reform, which incorporates environmental protection into Articles 9 and 41, and engages in a comparative assessment with similar European experiences, evaluating the effectiveness and practical enforceability of environmental clauses across different legal systems. The second chapter, “Economic Initiative and Environmental Sustainability: Practical Pathways and Contractual Paradigms,” explores the implications of sustainability for entrepreneurial freedom and the regulation of labour relations. The constitutional reform and the growing emphasis on corporate social responsibility suggest a “functionalized” interpretation of economic initiative, whereby social utility encompasses the prevention of environmental harm. The chapter examines preliminary constitutional jurisprudence recognizing environmental dimensions as parameters for the legitimacy of economic activity and extending the employer’s duty of care to the external environment, safeguarding collective health and territorial integrity. The analysis also addresses public procurement, minimum environmental criteria, and green public procurement as instruments to incentivize sustainability in corporate practices, while critically discussing the “ecological contract” theory, highlighting its limits and potential applications within labour law. The third chapter, “Environmental Sustainability in Collective Bargaining,” investigates the collective dimension of the labour–environment relationship. Collective bargaining, given its capacity to tailor general rules to the specificities of productive contexts, represents a privileged instrument for translating sustainability into operational practices and shared commitments among social partners. International experiences of integrating pro-environment clauses and social responsibility agreements are analysed, illustrating a cultural evolution in industrial relations increasingly oriented toward joint management of the green transition. The discussion then focuses on the Italian context, examining green bonuses and the role of the Health, Safety, and Environment Workers’ Representative, and provides a comparative perspective with the United Kingdom and Spain, where collective bargaining more systematically integrates environmental justice and worker participation in ecological transition processes. The fourth chapter, “Professional Competencies, Active Labour Policies, and the Ecological Transition,” addresses the dynamic dimension of labour law, particularly the evolution of skills and employment policies. Green jobs and green skills are analysed as outcomes of the interaction between technological transformation, productive reconversion, and emerging demand for qualified labour. Professional competence is interpreted as a continually evolving category, situated within a sustainable production context. Attention is devoted to active labour policies aimed at ecological retraining and the mitigation of employment impacts arising from the transition, with specific reference to the Italian “Fondo Nuove Competenze” and comparative insights from France, where environmental considerations are systematically embedded in training and employment policies. The research adopts a multilayered approach, combining normative analysis, theoretical reflection, and observation of practical applications. It demonstrates how environmental sustainability can redefine the scope of labour law, introduce new functions and balances between public and private interests, and offer instruments for governing the ecological transition. The study further highlights how contemporary labour law can reconcile economic development, environmental protection, and the dignity of work, thereby fostering social cohesion, employment stability, and sustainability, while contributing to a renewed conception of social justice in the era of ecological transition.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E SOSTENIBILITÀ AMBIENTALE: UNA CONVERGENZA NECESSARIA
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Tesi di dottorato
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