The thesis examines the relationship between environmental protection, competition law, and the role of independent administrative authorities, with the aim of reconstructing the modalities through which these areas—originally distinct in their purposes, logics, and instruments—are progressively converging toward a regulatory model capable of placing environmental sustainability at its core. The investigation is based on an approach that combines statutory and case-law analysis—both European and national—concerning competition law, market regulation, and environmental protection with an examination of administrative practice, particularly that of independent authorities. The work is structured into four chapters. The first chapter reconstructs the conceptual evolution of the notions of environment, competition, and independent administrative authorities, highlighting how each has progressively expanded its scope of relevance. The environment, initially confined to a sectoral role, has today assumed the status of a value that is not only transversal but also constitutionally recognized. Likewise, competition, originally conceived as an instrument exclusively aimed at economic efficiency, has become a dynamic and functional tool tasked with addressing not only economic goals but also social and environmental considerations. Independent administrative authorities, originally established as guarantors and arbiters of the proper functioning of markets, have extended their sphere of action to incorporate public interests beyond their initial mandate. From this comparison emerge significant elements of interrelation and interpretative insights which, viewed through the lens of the integration principle, underscore the transition from an initial separation to a gradual blending of the three aforementioned sectors. The second chapter explores the relationship between environment and market, analyzing the instruments through which the legal system directs economic activities toward sustainable production models without undermining competition. The examination of European law and Italian—both constitutional and statutory—provisions highlight the increasing centrality and legal significance of the so-called environmental question and its impact on strategies aimed at safeguarding the proper functioning of the market. Particular attention is devoted to the sectors of waste management, energy, and water resources, in which the relationship between competition protection and environmental protection displays distinctive features. With regard to the first sector, the principle of competition must be reconciled with the need to ensure an efficient and environmentally sustainable waste-management cycle. In this context, extended producer responsibility (EPR) schemes—which assign to economic operators the responsibility for organizing and financing downstream phases of the lifecycle of products they place on the market—are considered alongside the regulation of mandatory consortia, which raises delicate questions concerning their compatibility with antitrust principles. The chapter also investigates the specific issue of waste batteries, which constitute a particularly significant testing ground for assessing the effectiveness of legal instruments and competition rules in the management of a problematic and environmentally impactful waste stream. As regards the energy sector, legislative and case-law developments demonstrate a gradual incorporation of environmental considerations into economic and industrial policy. The chapter analyses in particular the liberalisation of the electricity market and the ways in which the integration of renewable energy sources intersects with competitive dynamics. Here, the principle of competition plays a dual role: on the one hand, ensuring market openness and equal access for operators; on the other, reconciling environmental objectives with energy-security needs, requiring a constant balancing of interests, for which European and constitutional case law provides instructive examples. The chapter concludes with a section devoted to water resources, whose management involves economic, environmental, and social needs. The analysis focuses on the role played by the principle of competition both in the regulation of hydroelectric concessions and in that of mineral-water concessions. These are sectors in which legal regulation must ensure, on the one hand, the efficiency and transparency of award procedures and, on the other, the protection of a resource which, due to its scarcity and significance for the community, requires adequate legal safeguards. The third chapter examines the independent authorities that operate more specifically in the sectors under consideration, with particular reference to the Italian Competition Authority (AGCM) and the Regulatory Authority for Energy, Networks, and the Environment (ARERA). Through an analysis of measures, annual reports, and policy documents, the thesis seeks to demonstrate how these authorities are progressively integrating environmental sustainability into their institutional activities. The AGCM, in addition to its traditional antitrust enforcement and advocacy functions, increasingly considers the effects of economic conduct on environmental-sustainability objectives. For its part, ARERA, in the exercise of its regulatory powers in the sectors within its remit, pays particular attention to the need to safeguard competition in the markets while respecting environmental requirements. The fourth chapter broadens the perspective on environmental sustainability by analyzing the contribution that economic actors make to the transition toward sustainable production models. In this respect, a further objective of the thesis is to highlight that effective environmental protection cannot derive solely from proper legal implementation or regulatory action, but requires the direct involvement of businesses, which must orient their conduct in accordance with logics that also incorporate environmental sustainability. In this direction, the research examines the European and national so-called green industrial policy, focusing on strategic and programmatic instruments that promote competitiveness, digitalization, and investment in sustainable technologies. The resulting picture is one of increasingly close interaction between public and private actors, in which cooperation between institutions and enterprises constitutes an essential condition for achieving the environmental goals set at the European and national levels. The thesis concludes that the relationship between environment, competition, and independent authorities is today characterized by progressive and structural convergence. This integration manifests itself both at the normative and institutional levels, particularly through the evolving role of independent administrative authorities, which are increasingly called upon to contribute to environmental-transition processes. It is therefore argued that the development of a model that is both economically and environmentally sustainable requires an approach capable of combining environmental protection, the proper functioning of markets, the active role of authorities, and—not least—the responsibility of economic operators. These are all essential conditions for constructing a development model capable of reconciling, in the long term, environmental protection with economic growth.
La tesi analizza il rapporto tra tutela dell’ambiente, disciplina della concorrenza e ruolo delle autorità amministrative indipendenti con l’obiettivo di ricostruire le modalità attraverso cui tali ambiti — originariamente distinti per finalità, logiche e strumenti — stiano progressivamente convergendo verso un modello di regolazione idoneo a rendere centrale la sostenibilità ambientale. L’indagine si fonda su un approccio che combina l’analisi normativa e giurisprudenziale – tanto europea quanto nazionale – in materia di disciplina della concorrenza, regolazione dei mercati e protezione ambientale con l’esame della prassi applicativa – in particolare – delle autorità indipendenti. Il lavoro si articola, così, in quattro capitoli. Il primo capitolo ricostruisce l’evoluzione concettuale delle nozioni di ambiente, concorrenza e autorità amministrative indipendenti, evidenziando come ciascuna di esse abbia progressivamente ampliato il proprio ambito di rilevanza. L’ambiente, inizialmente confinato a un ruolo settoriale, assume oggi la natura di valore, oltre che trasversale, anche costituzionalmente riconosciuto. Di pari passo, la concorrenza, da strumento esclusivo di efficienza economica, diventa anche mezzo dinamico e funzionale, chiamato ad occuparsi non soltanto di finalità economiche ma anche di istanze sociali ed ambientali. Le autorità amministrative indipendenti, originariamente nate come garanti e arbitri del corretto funzionamento dei mercati, estendono il proprio raggio d’azione fino a incorporare interessi pubblici ulteriori rispetto a quelli originari. Da tale confronto emergono significativi elementi di interrelazione e spunti ricostruttivi che, letti con la lente del principio d’integrazione, testimoniano il passaggio da un’originaria separazione a un progressivo processo di commistione dei tre settori sopra citati. Il secondo capitolo approfondisce il rapporto tra ambiente e mercato e analizza gli strumenti attraverso cui l’ordinamento indirizza le attività economiche verso modelli di produzione sostenibile senza pregiudicare la concorrenza. L’esame del diritto europeo e delle norme italiane – costituzionali e non – mettono in luce la crescente centralità oltre che rilevanza giuridica della c.d. questione ambientale e la sua incidenza sulle strategie a tutela del corretto funzionamento del mercato. Particolare attenzione è dedicata, scendendo più nello specifico, ai settori dei rifiuti, dell’energia e della risorsa idrica, nei quali la relazione tra tutela della concorrenza e tutela ambientale presenta connotati peculiari. Quanto al primo settore, il principio di concorrenza si confronta con la necessità di garantire un ciclo di gestione efficiente e sostenibile sul piano ambientale. Si considerano, in tale ottica, i sistemi di responsabilità estesa del produttore (EPR), che trasferiscono agli operatori economici la responsabilità di organizzare e finanziare la fase di gestione a valle dei prodotti che immettono sul mercato, così come la disciplina dei consorzi obbligatori, che pone delicate questioni in ordine alla compatibilità con i principi a tutela del diritto antitrust. Si approfondisce, altresì, la specifica questione delle batterie esauste, che costituiscono un banco di prova particolarmente significativo per testare l’efficacia degli strumenti giuridici e delle regole di concorrenza nella gestione di un rifiuto problematico e ad alto impatto ambientale. In merito, poi, al settore dell’energia lo sviluppo normativo e giurisprudenziale testimonia un graduale innesto della componente ambientale all’interno della relativa politica economica ed industriale. Si analizza, in particolare, il processo di liberalizzazione del mercato elettrico e il modo in cui l’inserimento delle fonti di energia rinnovabile si interseca con le dinamiche concorrenziali. Qui il principio di concorrenza ricopre un ruolo importante nel garantire, da un lato, l’apertura del mercato e la parità di accesso per gli operatori; dall’altro, nel conciliare gli obiettivi ambientali e di sicurezza energetica, imponendo un continuo bilanciamento di interessi, di cui la giurisprudenza europea e costituzionale fornisce interessanti esempi. Chiude il capitolo la sezione dedicata alla risorsa idrica la cui gestione coinvolge esigenze economiche, ambientali e sociali. In questo contesto, ci si sofferma sul ruolo svolto dal principio di concorrenza sia nella disciplina delle concessioni idroelettriche che in quella delle concessioni di acque minerali. Si tratta, infatti, di settori nei quali la regolamentazione giuridica è chiamata a garantire da un lato l'efficienza e la trasparenza delle procedure di affidamento e dall'altro lato la tutela di una risorsa che, per la sua natura scarsa e rilevante per la collettività, necessita di un’adeguata tutela giuridica. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato alle autorità indipendenti che operano più specificamente nei settori esaminati, con particolare riferimento all’Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato (AGCM) e all’Autorità di Regolazione per Energia Reti e Ambiente (ARERA). Attraverso l’analisi dei provvedimenti, delle segnalazioni annuali e dei documenti programmatici, la tesi intende dimostrare come tali autorità stiano progressivamente integrando la sostenibilità ambientale nelle rispettive attività istituzionali. L’AGCM, oltre alla tradizionale attività di enforcement delle norme antitrust e a quella di advocacy, considera con crescente frequenza gli effetti delle condotte economiche sugli obiettivi legati alla sostenibilità ambientale. Dal canto suo, invece, l’ARERA nell’esercizio del proprio potere regolatorio nell’ambito dei rispettivi settori di competenza, pone particolare attenzione alla necessità di garantire la concorrenza nei mercati e di rispettare esigenze di natura ambientale. Il quarto capitolo, infine, amplia ulteriormente l’angolo di visuale in ordine alla sostenibilità ambientale analizzando il contributo che gli attori economici recano alla transizione verso modelli produttivi sostenibili. Proprio in tal senso, ulteriore obiettivo dell’elaborato è quello di evidenziare come una corretta ed efficace tutela ambientale non possa derivare unicamente dalla corretta applicazione della normativa o dall’azione regolatoria, ma richiede il coinvolgimento diretto delle imprese, chiamate ad orientare i propri comportamenti secondo logiche – anche – di sostenibilità ambientale. In questa direzione, la ricerca esamina la c.d. green industrial policy europea e nazionale, soffermandosi sugli strumenti strategici e programmatici che promuovono competitività, digitalizzazione e investimenti in tecnologie sostenibili. Il quadro che emerge è quello di un’interazione sempre più stretta tra potere pubblico e privato, in cui la collaborazione tra istituzioni e imprese costituisce un presupposto essenziale per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi ambientali fissati a livello europeo e nazionale. Il lavoro giunge, così, alla conclusione che il rapporto tra ambiente, concorrenza e autorità indipendenti è oggi caratterizzato da una progressiva e strutturale convergenza. Tale integrazione si manifesta sia sul piano normativo sia su quello istituzionale, specie mediante l’evoluzione del ruolo delle autorità amministrative indipendenti, chiamate a dare il proprio contributo anche nei processi di transizione ambientale. Si arriva così a sostenere che la realizzazione di un modello di sviluppo sia economico che ambientale richiede un approccio capace di combinare tutela dell'ambiente, corretto funzionamento dei mercati, ruolo attivo delle authories e - non ultimo - responsabilizzazione degli operatori economici. Tutte condizioni, queste, imprescindibili per la costruzione di un sistema di sviluppo in grado di coniugare nel lungo periodo le esigenze di tutela ambientale con quelle di crescita economica.
AMBIENTE, CONCORRENZA E AUTORITÀ AMMINISTRATIVE INDIPENDENTI / D'Ercole, R.. - (2026 Mar 27).
AMBIENTE, CONCORRENZA E AUTORITÀ AMMINISTRATIVE INDIPENDENTI
D'Ercole, R.
2026-03-27
Abstract
The thesis examines the relationship between environmental protection, competition law, and the role of independent administrative authorities, with the aim of reconstructing the modalities through which these areas—originally distinct in their purposes, logics, and instruments—are progressively converging toward a regulatory model capable of placing environmental sustainability at its core. The investigation is based on an approach that combines statutory and case-law analysis—both European and national—concerning competition law, market regulation, and environmental protection with an examination of administrative practice, particularly that of independent authorities. The work is structured into four chapters. The first chapter reconstructs the conceptual evolution of the notions of environment, competition, and independent administrative authorities, highlighting how each has progressively expanded its scope of relevance. The environment, initially confined to a sectoral role, has today assumed the status of a value that is not only transversal but also constitutionally recognized. Likewise, competition, originally conceived as an instrument exclusively aimed at economic efficiency, has become a dynamic and functional tool tasked with addressing not only economic goals but also social and environmental considerations. Independent administrative authorities, originally established as guarantors and arbiters of the proper functioning of markets, have extended their sphere of action to incorporate public interests beyond their initial mandate. From this comparison emerge significant elements of interrelation and interpretative insights which, viewed through the lens of the integration principle, underscore the transition from an initial separation to a gradual blending of the three aforementioned sectors. The second chapter explores the relationship between environment and market, analyzing the instruments through which the legal system directs economic activities toward sustainable production models without undermining competition. The examination of European law and Italian—both constitutional and statutory—provisions highlight the increasing centrality and legal significance of the so-called environmental question and its impact on strategies aimed at safeguarding the proper functioning of the market. Particular attention is devoted to the sectors of waste management, energy, and water resources, in which the relationship between competition protection and environmental protection displays distinctive features. With regard to the first sector, the principle of competition must be reconciled with the need to ensure an efficient and environmentally sustainable waste-management cycle. In this context, extended producer responsibility (EPR) schemes—which assign to economic operators the responsibility for organizing and financing downstream phases of the lifecycle of products they place on the market—are considered alongside the regulation of mandatory consortia, which raises delicate questions concerning their compatibility with antitrust principles. The chapter also investigates the specific issue of waste batteries, which constitute a particularly significant testing ground for assessing the effectiveness of legal instruments and competition rules in the management of a problematic and environmentally impactful waste stream. As regards the energy sector, legislative and case-law developments demonstrate a gradual incorporation of environmental considerations into economic and industrial policy. The chapter analyses in particular the liberalisation of the electricity market and the ways in which the integration of renewable energy sources intersects with competitive dynamics. Here, the principle of competition plays a dual role: on the one hand, ensuring market openness and equal access for operators; on the other, reconciling environmental objectives with energy-security needs, requiring a constant balancing of interests, for which European and constitutional case law provides instructive examples. The chapter concludes with a section devoted to water resources, whose management involves economic, environmental, and social needs. The analysis focuses on the role played by the principle of competition both in the regulation of hydroelectric concessions and in that of mineral-water concessions. These are sectors in which legal regulation must ensure, on the one hand, the efficiency and transparency of award procedures and, on the other, the protection of a resource which, due to its scarcity and significance for the community, requires adequate legal safeguards. The third chapter examines the independent authorities that operate more specifically in the sectors under consideration, with particular reference to the Italian Competition Authority (AGCM) and the Regulatory Authority for Energy, Networks, and the Environment (ARERA). Through an analysis of measures, annual reports, and policy documents, the thesis seeks to demonstrate how these authorities are progressively integrating environmental sustainability into their institutional activities. The AGCM, in addition to its traditional antitrust enforcement and advocacy functions, increasingly considers the effects of economic conduct on environmental-sustainability objectives. For its part, ARERA, in the exercise of its regulatory powers in the sectors within its remit, pays particular attention to the need to safeguard competition in the markets while respecting environmental requirements. The fourth chapter broadens the perspective on environmental sustainability by analyzing the contribution that economic actors make to the transition toward sustainable production models. In this respect, a further objective of the thesis is to highlight that effective environmental protection cannot derive solely from proper legal implementation or regulatory action, but requires the direct involvement of businesses, which must orient their conduct in accordance with logics that also incorporate environmental sustainability. In this direction, the research examines the European and national so-called green industrial policy, focusing on strategic and programmatic instruments that promote competitiveness, digitalization, and investment in sustainable technologies. The resulting picture is one of increasingly close interaction between public and private actors, in which cooperation between institutions and enterprises constitutes an essential condition for achieving the environmental goals set at the European and national levels. The thesis concludes that the relationship between environment, competition, and independent authorities is today characterized by progressive and structural convergence. This integration manifests itself both at the normative and institutional levels, particularly through the evolving role of independent administrative authorities, which are increasingly called upon to contribute to environmental-transition processes. It is therefore argued that the development of a model that is both economically and environmentally sustainable requires an approach capable of combining environmental protection, the proper functioning of markets, the active role of authorities, and—not least—the responsibility of economic operators. These are all essential conditions for constructing a development model capable of reconciling, in the long term, environmental protection with economic growth.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: AMBIENTE, CONCORRENZA E AUTORITÀ AMMINISTRATIVE INDIPENDENTI
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Tesi di dottorato
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