Blockchain and AI for smart city governance. Inclusive models, ethical challenges, and geographical implications

BTC and AI, often perceived as neutral tools for efficiency, emerge as key technologies for reshaping urban governance models. This study explores how their integration fosters transparency, resilience, and citizen participation, while also exposing new forms of digital inequalities. Through the analysis of the Quadruple Helix Model and best practices in Estonia, Vienna, and Masdar City, the research reveals how AI and BTC renegotiate the relationship between institutions and citizens. Ethical, regulatory, and social challenges are addressed, highlighting the need for collaborative platforms to promote inclusive and sustainable governance.