This volume undertakes a comprehensive analysis of Roberto Longhi’s enigmatic and often considered “untranslatable” Piero della Francesca, originally published in 1927, in relation to its Spanish translation, produced almost a century later. We argue that we are confronted with two distinct acts of translation: Longhi’s “hypertranslation,” where the art critic reimagines and re-creates a pre-existing artistic object, and José Monreal’s more conventional translation of 2022. In the first chapter, we delve into the complex relationship between culture and translation, exploring the ambiguous nature of language as both a physical and spiritual entity. We question the extent to which translation can truly bridge linguistic and cultural gaps, and whether it is possible to fully capture the nuances of meaning inherent in a specific language. Furthermore, we trace the development of translation studies from the 1970s onwards, examining how scholars have sought to develop scientific approaches to address the challenges of translation and to elucidate the nature of meaning, by transforming what Saussure identified as a “fracture of presence” into a positive force, a Übersetzungswissenschaft emerged, particularly addressing the challenges posed by cultural distances between languages. Eugene Nida's work represents a pinnacle of this approach. The first chapter also traces the “reformulation” of Nida's dynamic equivalence, as reinterpreted by Peter Newmark in the 1980s into “semantic translation” and “communicative translation”. This distinction between “Science of Translation” and “Art of Translation” becomes particularly relevant when considering the similar languages examined in this study, leading to a focus on stylistic interpretation of the original text. This approach builds upon the comparative stylistics developed by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet in the 1950s. Their initial categorization of seven translation procedures was later expanded to include 'shifts,' 'strategies,' and other 'methods,' which serve as the theoretical and practical framework for our analysis of the Spanish translation of Longhi's Piero della Francesca." In the second chapter, we delve into the question of whether art criticism can be translated. Art criticism itself is inherently an "intersemiotic" translation, as it involves translating visual images into verbal language. This is particularly evident in the "poetic" prose of Longhi, where every element carries semantic weight, drawing the reader into a labyrinth of visual imagery and poetic imagination. Longhi, a prominent figure in both the Italian art and literary worlds of the 20th century, is recognized for his literary prowess. Both Contini and Garboli have included him in their studies, the former in the field of narratology and the latter in the realm of translation, even going so far as to label his work as "hypertranslation". Consequently, the "Longhi function" has been so deeply reflected in many of his direct and indirect disciples that it served as a bridge between literature and art history in 20th-century Italy, almost forming an autonomous genre oscillating between "art prose" and the representation of figurative images. This would be a kind of "historical novel," echoing literature, art criticism, and the language of the described work, supported by a prose dense with creative metaphors, archaisms, technical terms, avant-garde elements, dialects, Gallicisms, and neologisms, all immersed in a magical phonosymbolism that produces a sense of "untranslatability." To remedy this, without reducing polysemy to monosemy, the letter to the word, and to reproduce its musicality, a hesitation between sound and meaning, a "poetics of translation" is needed, as suggested by Berman and Meschonnic. In the third chapter, both the style and the influence of the "Longhi function", as a catalyst for other writers and art critics, are analyzed. In addition to the qualities outlined in the second chapter, other stylistic indicators emerge in his writing, such as a "Futurist nominalism" evident in passages like the description of the Victory of Constantine over Maxentius. A "sonorous" language, at times reminiscent of D'Annunzio, awakens the reader's senses, shifting perceptions from the world of images to that of words and creating verbal equivalences, including "phonosymbolic" illusions, to "visualize" the forms and colors of Piero. However, Longhi himself emphasizes the autonomy of the artistic "fact," assigning different domains to figurative and literary language. This "critical" method does not merely seek a literary equivalent of the visual work, but rather implies a suspension of the language's decipherability. It is a form of "plastic" writing, as defined by Boccioni, a "modern" Baroque that evades the static nature of the painting without forgetting the constant relationship with figurative images. Still in the third chapter, given that the highly unusual, precious, and distinctive lexicon is a fundamental component of Longhi's writing, two glossaries are proposed, the first by Cristina Montagnani (1989) and the more recent one by Chiara Murru (2022), both correlated with information on Longhi's biography, language, and style. It should not be forgotten that generations of critics have been dedicated to uncovering the magic and illusionism of his writing, exploring the semantic value of "divergent pairs," oxymorons, ternary structures, rare adjectives, adverbs ending in -mente, and synesthetic, geological, petrous, and crystallographic metaphors. A mystery that will be explored in the fourth chapter concerns the translation of the phonosymbolic components of language, the synthesis between phonetics and phonology, the possibility of conveying even "partial meanings" carried by the signifier, and demonstrating with examples the synesthetic properties of the Spanish and Italian languages, as well as those of Longhi's Piero, who, like Gadda, made this opportunity into a style. The monograph concludes with Chapter V, which examines the Spanish translation of Piero della Francesca by José Monreal, perhaps an impossible undertaking due to both the deceptive similarity between the two languages under study and the nearly century-long delay since the first Italian publication. The attempt to bridge these disparities can lead to the use of a common language that diverges from Longhi's stylistic devices, and to misunderstandings in the translation of technical terms and neologisms, although paradoxically, at times, the Spanish version clarifies passages where Longhi's intricate prose is more obscure.
Nel presente volume si è cercato di analizzare l’enigmatico ed “intraducibile” Piero della Francesca di Roberto Longhi, del 1927, in relazione alla traduzione spagnola apparsa quasi con un secolo di ritardo. In realtà, ci si trova di fronte a due traduzioni: l’“ipertraduzione” di Longhi, dove il critico d’arte ricrea un oggetto che già esiste e quella di José Monreal, del 2022, per l’Editorial Elba. Nel primo capitolo, ci si interroga sul rapporto tra cultura e traduzione, sulla natura ambigua del linguaggio, fisica e spirituale e, di conseguenza, sull’opportunità della traduzione che potrebbe risolvere il “mistero delle lingue” e la loro “incomunicabilità”. Si traccia anche una linea di ricerca che, a partire dagli anni ’70, ha iniziato ad affrontare in maniera scientifica i “problemi della traduzione” per cercare di risolvere l’oscurità del segno linguistico e la natura del significato, mutando in positivo ciò che Saussure aveva avvertito come “frattura della presenza”. Una Übersetzungswissenschaft che raggiungerà il suo apice, quanto meno in relazione al problema delle distanze culturali tra le lingue, con le proposte di Eugene Nida. Sempre nel primo capitolo, si traccia la “riformulazione” dell’equivalenza dinamica di Nida, operata negli anni ’80 da Peter Newmark, divisa in “traduzione semantica” e “traduzione comunicativa”, con la conseguente distinzione tra “Scienza della Traduzione” e “Arte della traduzione” che, in relazione alle lingue simili oggetto del presente studio, confluisce nell’interpretazione stilistica dell’originale, sulle basi della stilistica comparata elaborata già negli anni ’50 da Jean-Paul Vinay e Jean Darbelnet. Ai loro sette procedimenti, tra i primi ad essere catalogati, seguiranno poi “spostamenti”, “strategie” ed altri “metodi” che, nei limiti di questo studio, saranno le risorse teoriche e pratiche che ci guideranno nell’analisi della traduzione spagnola del Piero di Longhi. Nel secondo capitolo ci si interroga sulla possibilità di tradurre la critica d’arte, di per sé una traduzione “intersemiotica”, che trascina il lettore in un labirinto dove immagini plastiche ed immaginazione poetica si fondono, e tanto più ciò avviene nella prosa “poetica” di Longhi dove “tutto” ha valore semantico. In effetti Longhi, figura molto importante nel panorama critico e “letterario” italiano del ’900, oltre a tale riconosciuta preminenza, è stato rilevante anche come letterato tanto che sia Contini, sia da Garboli lo includono l’uno nell’ambito della narratologia, l’altro nell’ambito della traduzione, anzi nell’“ipertraduzione”. Pertanto, la “funzione Longhi” si è talmente riflessa in molti dei suoi allievi diretti ed indiretti da fare da ponte nel Novecento italiano tra letteratura e storia dell’arte, quasi a formare un genere autonomo, oscillante tra la “prosa d’arte” e la rappresentazione delle immagini figurative. Si tratterebbe, quindi, di un “romanzo storico”, eco della letteratura, della critica d’arte e della lingua dell’opera descritta, sostenuto da una prosa densa di metafore creative, arcaismi, tecnicismi, avanguardismi, dialettalismi, francesismi e neologismi, tutti immersi in un magico fonosimbolismo che produce una sensazione di “intraducibilità” alla quale si potrebbe rimediare, per non ridurre la polisemia in monosemia, la lettera in mot e per riprodurre la sua musicalité, un’esitazione tra il suono e il senso, con una “poetica della traduzione”, indicata da Berman e Meschonnic. Nel terzo capitolo alle qualità anticipate nel secondo capitolo, seguono altri “indicatori stilistici” presenti nella scrittura di Longhi quali un “nominalismo futuristico” evidente in alcuni passaggi (si veda la descrizione della Vittoria di Costantino su Massenzio). Una parola “sonante”, a tratti dannunziana, che, nel risvegliare i sensi del lettore, “sposta” le percezioni dal mondo delle immagini a quello delle parole e produce delle equivalenze verbali, anche con illusioni “fonosimboliche”, per “fare vedere” le forme colori di Piero. Tuttavia, è Longhi stesso a precisare l’autonomia del “fatto” artistico, ad assegnare al linguaggio figurativo e a quello letterario un ambito diverso; un metodo “critico” che non tende soltanto ad invocare un equivalente letterario dell’opera figurativa, bensì implica una sospensione della decifrabilità della lingua. Si tratterebbe di una scrittura “plastica”, come l’ha definita Boccioni, un barocco “moderno” che elude la staticità del quadro senza dimenticare il rapporto costante con le immagini figurative. Sempre nel terzo capitolo, dato che il lessico poco “abituale”, prezioso, insolito, è una componente fondamentale della scrittura longhiana, vengono proposti due glossari, il primo di Cristina Montagnani (1989), l’altro più recente di Chiara Murru (2022), ambedue correlati da notizie sulla biografia, sulla lingua e sullo stile di Longhi, senza dimenticare che generazioni di critici si sono occupati di svelare la magia e l’illusionismo della sua scrittura, di sondare la valenza semantica delle “coppie divaricate”, degli ossimori, delle strutture ternarie, dell’aggettivazione rara, degli avverbi in –mente, delle metafore sinestetiche, geologiche, petrose, cristallografiche. Un mistero che si cercherà di svelare nel quarto capitolo sulla traduzione dei componenti fonosimbolici del linguaggio, sulla sintesi tra fonetica e fonologia, sulla possibilità di trasmettere anche i “significati parziali”, veicolati dal significante, e dimostrare con alcuni esempi le proprietà sinestetiche della lingua spagnola ed italiana, nonché quelle del Piero di Longhi che, come Gadda, ha fatto di questa opportunità uno stile. Chiude la monografia il capitolo V sulla traduzione del Piero della Francesca in spagnolo ad opera di José Monreal, forse un’impresa impossibile, sia per l’ingannevole somiglianza tra le due lingue oggetto di studio, sia per il ritardo di quasi un secolo dalla prima pubblicazione in italiano. Il tentativo di colmare tali dissimmetrie può portare all’uso di una lingua comune discorde dagli artifici longhiani, a dei malintesi nella traduzione dei tecnicismi e neologismi anche se, paradossalmente, a tratti la versione spagnola chiarisce dei passaggi là dove l’intricata prosa di Longhi risulta più oscura.
'Piero della Francesca' di Roberto Longhi in spagnolo Un’esitazione tra il suono e il senso
Francesconi, A.
2024-01-01
Abstract
This volume undertakes a comprehensive analysis of Roberto Longhi’s enigmatic and often considered “untranslatable” Piero della Francesca, originally published in 1927, in relation to its Spanish translation, produced almost a century later. We argue that we are confronted with two distinct acts of translation: Longhi’s “hypertranslation,” where the art critic reimagines and re-creates a pre-existing artistic object, and José Monreal’s more conventional translation of 2022. In the first chapter, we delve into the complex relationship between culture and translation, exploring the ambiguous nature of language as both a physical and spiritual entity. We question the extent to which translation can truly bridge linguistic and cultural gaps, and whether it is possible to fully capture the nuances of meaning inherent in a specific language. Furthermore, we trace the development of translation studies from the 1970s onwards, examining how scholars have sought to develop scientific approaches to address the challenges of translation and to elucidate the nature of meaning, by transforming what Saussure identified as a “fracture of presence” into a positive force, a Übersetzungswissenschaft emerged, particularly addressing the challenges posed by cultural distances between languages. Eugene Nida's work represents a pinnacle of this approach. The first chapter also traces the “reformulation” of Nida's dynamic equivalence, as reinterpreted by Peter Newmark in the 1980s into “semantic translation” and “communicative translation”. This distinction between “Science of Translation” and “Art of Translation” becomes particularly relevant when considering the similar languages examined in this study, leading to a focus on stylistic interpretation of the original text. This approach builds upon the comparative stylistics developed by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet in the 1950s. Their initial categorization of seven translation procedures was later expanded to include 'shifts,' 'strategies,' and other 'methods,' which serve as the theoretical and practical framework for our analysis of the Spanish translation of Longhi's Piero della Francesca." In the second chapter, we delve into the question of whether art criticism can be translated. Art criticism itself is inherently an "intersemiotic" translation, as it involves translating visual images into verbal language. This is particularly evident in the "poetic" prose of Longhi, where every element carries semantic weight, drawing the reader into a labyrinth of visual imagery and poetic imagination. Longhi, a prominent figure in both the Italian art and literary worlds of the 20th century, is recognized for his literary prowess. Both Contini and Garboli have included him in their studies, the former in the field of narratology and the latter in the realm of translation, even going so far as to label his work as "hypertranslation". Consequently, the "Longhi function" has been so deeply reflected in many of his direct and indirect disciples that it served as a bridge between literature and art history in 20th-century Italy, almost forming an autonomous genre oscillating between "art prose" and the representation of figurative images. This would be a kind of "historical novel," echoing literature, art criticism, and the language of the described work, supported by a prose dense with creative metaphors, archaisms, technical terms, avant-garde elements, dialects, Gallicisms, and neologisms, all immersed in a magical phonosymbolism that produces a sense of "untranslatability." To remedy this, without reducing polysemy to monosemy, the letter to the word, and to reproduce its musicality, a hesitation between sound and meaning, a "poetics of translation" is needed, as suggested by Berman and Meschonnic. In the third chapter, both the style and the influence of the "Longhi function", as a catalyst for other writers and art critics, are analyzed. In addition to the qualities outlined in the second chapter, other stylistic indicators emerge in his writing, such as a "Futurist nominalism" evident in passages like the description of the Victory of Constantine over Maxentius. A "sonorous" language, at times reminiscent of D'Annunzio, awakens the reader's senses, shifting perceptions from the world of images to that of words and creating verbal equivalences, including "phonosymbolic" illusions, to "visualize" the forms and colors of Piero. However, Longhi himself emphasizes the autonomy of the artistic "fact," assigning different domains to figurative and literary language. This "critical" method does not merely seek a literary equivalent of the visual work, but rather implies a suspension of the language's decipherability. It is a form of "plastic" writing, as defined by Boccioni, a "modern" Baroque that evades the static nature of the painting without forgetting the constant relationship with figurative images. Still in the third chapter, given that the highly unusual, precious, and distinctive lexicon is a fundamental component of Longhi's writing, two glossaries are proposed, the first by Cristina Montagnani (1989) and the more recent one by Chiara Murru (2022), both correlated with information on Longhi's biography, language, and style. It should not be forgotten that generations of critics have been dedicated to uncovering the magic and illusionism of his writing, exploring the semantic value of "divergent pairs," oxymorons, ternary structures, rare adjectives, adverbs ending in -mente, and synesthetic, geological, petrous, and crystallographic metaphors. A mystery that will be explored in the fourth chapter concerns the translation of the phonosymbolic components of language, the synthesis between phonetics and phonology, the possibility of conveying even "partial meanings" carried by the signifier, and demonstrating with examples the synesthetic properties of the Spanish and Italian languages, as well as those of Longhi's Piero, who, like Gadda, made this opportunity into a style. The monograph concludes with Chapter V, which examines the Spanish translation of Piero della Francesca by José Monreal, perhaps an impossible undertaking due to both the deceptive similarity between the two languages under study and the nearly century-long delay since the first Italian publication. The attempt to bridge these disparities can lead to the use of a common language that diverges from Longhi's stylistic devices, and to misunderstandings in the translation of technical terms and neologisms, although paradoxically, at times, the Spanish version clarifies passages where Longhi's intricate prose is more obscure.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Monografia contenente l'analisi della traduzione in spagnolo del 'Piero della Francesca' di Roberto Longhi
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