This thesis aims to tackle the vast topic of digitalisation in company law. The analysis begins with the discussion of the scope of the recent Directive (EU) 2019/1151 (“CorpTech Directive”) in which the European legislator has set out, among other things, to facilitate the online establishment of companies, online registration of branches and the online presentation of documents and company information. Aware that the actual impact of the directive in terms of the digitalisation of company law is rather limited, the dissertation proceeds with the study of the concept of digitalisation and of its various manifestations. To this end a classification based on their specific modus operandi is given and the problematic issues and great unknowns posed by AI tools are pointed out. The study continues by taking into consideration the multifaceted genus of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and is focused in particular on the blockchain phenomenon. Recent advances in technology have, in fact, clearly demonstrated the enormous flexibility of DLTs, whose potential goes well beyond the simple registration of transactions and trading cryptocurrencies. An in-depth examination of the digital components and functioning of the blockchain technology is undertaken with special attention paid to the principal cryptographic consensus mechanisms and the fundamental difference between permissioned blockchain and permissionless blockchain. This technical reconstruction leads to cognizance of the fact that, leaving aside its great potentiality, blockchain cannot be considered as a sort of panacea of the evils and dysfunctions of the analogue world: the most advanced utilization of this technology has a disruptive reach and exposes us to the great danger of an “algocratic”, “cyber-libertarian” drift, potentially capable of subverting the institutions and traditional categories of company law. To this can be added the ineffectiveness of the repressive and disciplinary instruments put in place on a national basis, the real risk – far from futuristic – that the lax approach of some jurisdictions and the drafting of crypto-friendly regulations can degenerate into a dangerous race to the bottom and give the green light to the practices of forum shopping, for that matter greatly facilitated by the eminently virtual nature of the new digital technologies. Consequently, this dissertation takes into account Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). These are entirely virtual organizations with no central authority which, at least in theory, promise to revolutionize the very concept of a company, establishing an e-democracy among the members and forms of flat governance. Similar organizations, in fact, constitute one of the most advanced and innovative uses of the blockchain and presage interesting application scenarios that could, in the near future, have a disruptive impact on company law, even radically redefining the very characteristics of the activity and organization of companies. In reality, DAOs, are taking on the features of totally or partially autonomous entities which, by exploiting the potentialities of the synergistic use of the permissionless blockchain, smart contracts and AI, are capable of establishing their own rules, placing themselves in sharp antithesis both to the traditional concept of a company and with state company law. In this way, actual digital systems are drafted that challenge the state legal systems and disciplinary mechanisms. After illustrating the main critical issues from both a technical and legal viewpoint, the first attempts at legislation for the DAO are analysed and an assessment made of whether the technological infrastructure is developed enough to set up new organisational structures for the performance of company activities. In view of the great uncertainty regarding the legal classification of DAOs, on the basis of the technical specificities of the permissionless blockchain, this study considers the possibility of extending the current legislation for limited companies or, on the contrary, conjectures whether a radical restructuring of this legislation is opportune. Lastly, the thesis explores the potential impact that the utilization of a permissioned blockchain 2.0 platform could have on listed companies in particular and how this could be an appropriate instrument for more effectively implementing the provisions of the Shareholder Rights Directive II. Indeed, this version of the blockchain, in that it makes it possible to at least partly overcome the problems deriving from the long chains of intermediaries, could permit the direct identification of shareholders, ensure a more rapid, safe transmission of company information and, by exploiting the potentialities of tokens and smart contracts, facilitate the exercise of shareholders’ rights. A technological infrastructure like this then could prevent tampering with the votes cast and reduce the incidence of opportunistic behaviour. This, therefore, could attest to the correct formation of will within the shareholders’ meeting and contribute to the creation of a really democratic space for the meeting and discussion between shareholders, thus attenuating the crisis in the participation in company life and revitalizing the shareholders' meetings.
Il presente elaborato si propone di affrontare il vasto tema della digitalizzazione nel diritto societario. L’analisi inizia con la disamina della portata della recente Direttiva (UE) 2019/1151 (“Direttiva CorpTech”), con cui il legislatore europeo ha inteso, tra l’altro, agevolare la costituzione online delle società, la registrazione online delle succursali e la presentazione online di documenti e informazioni societarie. Preso atto che l’impatto effettivo della direttiva in termini di digitalizzazione del diritto societario è piuttosto modesto, la trattazione prosegue con lo studio del concetto di digitalizzazione e delle sue diverse manifestazioni. Viene quindi fornita una tassonomia in ragione del loro specifico modus operandi e si evidenziano le problematicità e le grandi incognite poste dagli strumenti di IA. L’indagine prosegue prendendo in considerazione il variegato genus delle Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) e si concentra in particolare sul fenomeno blockchain. I recenti progressi della tecnica hanno infatti plasticamente dimostrato l’enorme duttilità delle DLT, le cui potenzialità trascendono la semplice registrazione di transazioni e lo scambio di criptovalute. Viene offerto un approfondito esame delle componenti informatiche e del funzionamento della tecnologia blockchain, con particolare riguardo ai principali meccanismi di consenso crittografico e alla fondamentale distinzione tra blockchain permissioned e blockchain permissionless. Questa ricostruzione tecnica permette di comprendere che, al netto delle grandi potenzialità, la blockchain non possa essere considerata come una sorta di panacea dei mali e delle disfunzioni del mondo analogico: le applicazioni più avanzate di questa tecnologia conservano una portata disruptive ed espongono al grande pericolo di una deriva “algocratica” e “cyber-libertaria”, potenzialmente idonea a sovvertire gli istituti e le categorie tradizionali del diritto commerciale. A ciò si aggiunge l’inefficacia degli strumenti repressivi e sanzionatori predisposti su base nazionale, il concreto rischio – tutt’altro che futuribile – che l’approccio lassista di alcune giurisdizioni e l’elaborazione di regolamentazioni “crypto-friendly” possa degenerare in una pericolosa race to the bottom e dare il via a pratiche di forum shopping, peraltro ampiamente agevolate dalla natura eminentemente virtuale delle nuove tecnologie digitali. Si prendono quindi in considerazione le Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), organizzazioni interamente virtuali e senza organi che, almeno in teoria, ripromettono di rivoluzionare lo stesso concetto di società, instaurando una e-democracy tra i membri e forme di flat governance. Simili organizzazioni, infatti, costituiscono uno dei più avanzati e innovativi impieghi della blockchain e prospettano interessanti scenari applicativi che potrebbero, in un prossimo futuro, avere un impatto dirompente sul diritto societario, finanche ridefinendo in radice la stessa fisionomia dell’attività e dell’organizzazione dell’impresa societaria. Le DAO, infatti, assumono i tratti di entità totalmente o parzialmente autonome che, sfruttando le potenzialità dell’impiego sinergico delle blockchain permissionless, degli smart contract e dell’IA, sono in grado di dotarsi di proprie regole, ponendosi in aperta antitesi sia con il tradizionale concetto di società sia con il diritto societario statale. Si delineano così veri e propri ordinamenti digitali che sfidano gli ordinamenti giuridici statali e ne pongono in crisi la sovranità, dotandosi di una propria legge, di proprie giurisdizioni e apparati sanzionatori. Dopo aver illustrato le principali criticità sia dal punto di vista tecnico che giuridico, si analizzano i primi tentativi di legislazione delle DAO e si valuta se l’infrastruttura tecnologica sia matura per configurare nuove forme organizzative per lo svolgimento dell’attività d’impresa. Preso atto delle grandi incertezze sulla qualificazione giuridica delle DAO, si considera la possibilità, sulla base delle specificità tecniche della blockchain permissionless, di estendere la vigente disciplina delle società di capitali a queste organizzazioni o se, al contrario, sia opportuna una radicale ristrutturazione della stessa. Da ultimo si indaga il potenziale impatto che l’applicazione di una piattaforma blockchain permissioned 2.0 potrebbe avere in particolare nelle società quotate e come questa possa costituire uno strumento idoneo per dare una più concreta attuazione alle previsioni della Shareholder Rights Directive II. Questa variante della blockchain, infatti, permettendo di superare almeno in parte i problemi derivanti dalle lunghe catene di intermediari, potrebbe consentire l’identificazione diretta degli azionisti, assicurare una più rapida e sicura trasmissione delle informazioni societarie e, sfruttando le potenzialità di token e smart contract, agevolare l’esercizio dei diritti degli azionisti. Una simile infrastruttura tecnologica potrebbe poi scongiurare la manomissione dei voti espressi e ridurre l’insorgenza di comportamenti opportunistici. Essa, pertanto, potrebbe certificare la corretta formazione della volontà in seno all’organo assembleare e contribuire alla creazione di uno spazio realmente democratico di incontro e discussione tra azionisti, attenuando così la crisi di partecipazione alla vita societaria e rivitalizzando lo stesso svolgimento del momento assembleare.
LA DIGITALIZZAZIONE DELLE SOCIETÀ OLTRE LA DIR.(UE) 2019/1151: ANALISI DELLE IMPLICAZIONI GIURIDICHE DEL FENOMENO BLOCKCHAIN.
A. Della Pietra
2023-01-01
Abstract
This thesis aims to tackle the vast topic of digitalisation in company law. The analysis begins with the discussion of the scope of the recent Directive (EU) 2019/1151 (“CorpTech Directive”) in which the European legislator has set out, among other things, to facilitate the online establishment of companies, online registration of branches and the online presentation of documents and company information. Aware that the actual impact of the directive in terms of the digitalisation of company law is rather limited, the dissertation proceeds with the study of the concept of digitalisation and of its various manifestations. To this end a classification based on their specific modus operandi is given and the problematic issues and great unknowns posed by AI tools are pointed out. The study continues by taking into consideration the multifaceted genus of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and is focused in particular on the blockchain phenomenon. Recent advances in technology have, in fact, clearly demonstrated the enormous flexibility of DLTs, whose potential goes well beyond the simple registration of transactions and trading cryptocurrencies. An in-depth examination of the digital components and functioning of the blockchain technology is undertaken with special attention paid to the principal cryptographic consensus mechanisms and the fundamental difference between permissioned blockchain and permissionless blockchain. This technical reconstruction leads to cognizance of the fact that, leaving aside its great potentiality, blockchain cannot be considered as a sort of panacea of the evils and dysfunctions of the analogue world: the most advanced utilization of this technology has a disruptive reach and exposes us to the great danger of an “algocratic”, “cyber-libertarian” drift, potentially capable of subverting the institutions and traditional categories of company law. To this can be added the ineffectiveness of the repressive and disciplinary instruments put in place on a national basis, the real risk – far from futuristic – that the lax approach of some jurisdictions and the drafting of crypto-friendly regulations can degenerate into a dangerous race to the bottom and give the green light to the practices of forum shopping, for that matter greatly facilitated by the eminently virtual nature of the new digital technologies. Consequently, this dissertation takes into account Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). These are entirely virtual organizations with no central authority which, at least in theory, promise to revolutionize the very concept of a company, establishing an e-democracy among the members and forms of flat governance. Similar organizations, in fact, constitute one of the most advanced and innovative uses of the blockchain and presage interesting application scenarios that could, in the near future, have a disruptive impact on company law, even radically redefining the very characteristics of the activity and organization of companies. In reality, DAOs, are taking on the features of totally or partially autonomous entities which, by exploiting the potentialities of the synergistic use of the permissionless blockchain, smart contracts and AI, are capable of establishing their own rules, placing themselves in sharp antithesis both to the traditional concept of a company and with state company law. In this way, actual digital systems are drafted that challenge the state legal systems and disciplinary mechanisms. After illustrating the main critical issues from both a technical and legal viewpoint, the first attempts at legislation for the DAO are analysed and an assessment made of whether the technological infrastructure is developed enough to set up new organisational structures for the performance of company activities. In view of the great uncertainty regarding the legal classification of DAOs, on the basis of the technical specificities of the permissionless blockchain, this study considers the possibility of extending the current legislation for limited companies or, on the contrary, conjectures whether a radical restructuring of this legislation is opportune. Lastly, the thesis explores the potential impact that the utilization of a permissioned blockchain 2.0 platform could have on listed companies in particular and how this could be an appropriate instrument for more effectively implementing the provisions of the Shareholder Rights Directive II. Indeed, this version of the blockchain, in that it makes it possible to at least partly overcome the problems deriving from the long chains of intermediaries, could permit the direct identification of shareholders, ensure a more rapid, safe transmission of company information and, by exploiting the potentialities of tokens and smart contracts, facilitate the exercise of shareholders’ rights. A technological infrastructure like this then could prevent tampering with the votes cast and reduce the incidence of opportunistic behaviour. This, therefore, could attest to the correct formation of will within the shareholders’ meeting and contribute to the creation of a really democratic space for the meeting and discussion between shareholders, thus attenuating the crisis in the participation in company life and revitalizing the shareholders' meetings.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: LA DIGITALIZZAZIONE DELLE SOCIETÀ OLTRE LA DIR. (UE) 2019/1151: ANALISI DELLE IMPLICAZIONI GIURIDICHE DEL FENOMENO BLOCKCHAIN
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