The present work takes the form of an eco-feminist philosophical investigation of the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene has recently permeated public political debates globally, and has raised considerable interest among scholarly circles, both in the natural sciences, and in the humanities. The term Anthropocene first appeared in the natural sciences in 2000, suggested by Nobel Price scientist Paul J. Crutzen and biologist Eugene F. Stormer (2000), to respond to the need of naming and making sense of a fast-changing present, and to localize human beings therein. Despite the fact that the Anthropocene has nowadays become a catch-word, being widely employed in many different fields and scholarships, the term has not yet been formalized. While some (Brondizio et al. 2016) highlight the opportunity that the concept of the Anthropocene offers to move toward the conceptual synthesis and integrative methodologies that are needed to address the socio-ecological challenges of the present, I argue otherwise. In my investigation, I align with those who contend that, instead, the disproportionate use of the term severely limits the possibility of imagining a future on planet Earth. By acknowledging that the Anthropocene is not an innocent label marking a new geological time unit, along with ecofeminist historian Stefania Barca (2020) and philosopher Agostino Cera (2023) I argue that it is the “master narrative” (Barca, 2020) holding the present together. Told by the Western natural sciences and the law, the main story of the Anthropocene narrative appears moulded “by the privileged eye of the white/male subject of history” (Barca, 2020). Such story centres around the relationship between two antagonist monolithic categories, the human species as a disembodied whole, and the environment/nature, manifesting an imaginary which culminates in an apocalyptic fatal “end of the world”. Building on the feminist assumption of the partiality of knowledge (Haraway, 1988), thus the idea that knowledge is not given once and for all, but rather is the result of the joining of partial views and halting voices, I open the possibility to re-story the Anthropocene and its laws, through ecofeminist and feminist ecocritical worldviews, to eventually overcome it. A re-storyation of the world’s struggle is needed, especially in light of the fact that we have entered the Decade for Ecosystem Restoration. The Decade for Ecosystem restoration, enshrined by the United Nations Resolution 73/284 (A/RES/73/284, 2019), represents a chance to re-think the way in which Western-centric environmental law of the Anthropocene acts and separates—instead of taking care of its limiting beliefs. Thus three pressing questions guide the discussion: (1) for how long can a life that re-produces itself on premises of violence, destruction, and exploitation last, when the very habitability of all creatures and species on the planet is under threat?; (2) Can an environmental law of the Anthropocene (Grear, 2020) draw solutions, or pursue restoration, when the world comes to be regarded as divided into two domains: one that is inanimate and has no agency, and one which is animated and concentrates all?; (3) What does it take to move forward? The research has thus two main complementary objectives, distributed into a pars destruens and pars costruens respectively. On the one hand, it reports the ecofeminist critique’s of the conceptual referents driving the Anthropocene narrative, and thus the main story of environmental law, the natural sciences, and the actions concerning ecological restoration, which appear to be ultimately violent. On the other hand, it aims at engaging in an imaginative effort to re-think restoration not as a set of pre-determined measures. Rather, as an open-ended set of actions, practices and modes of amendment which move to take responsibility and care for the great unease involved in living and dying, with many other creatures, on a damaged planet. The work is organised in four chapters. Chapter 1 offers an in-depth analysis of the Anthropocene, retracing its main coordinates. Chapter 2 turns to ecofeminist philosophies, which expose the justifications—conceptual referents—employed by the master model to dominate, control and exploit the reproductive and restorative capacity of those who inhabit the category of nature, namely women and the human and more-than-human outsiders of modernity. Ecofeminists’ anti-hegemonic analysis is able to display the shortcomings of the dominant narrative, and to endow with value those who repair the world on a daily basis—humans and more-than-humans—but who have always been kept at the margins. Scrutinising the thought of feminist ecocritical philosophers, Chapter 3 opens up the possibility to substitute the epistemology of crises of the Anthropocene master narrative, with an epistemological approach rooted in the affirmative ethics of care. The fourth and last Chapter interprets the findings around the affirmative ethics of care in the matter of ecological restoration, to enhance the environmental law framework. In this sense, ecological restoration emerges as a means and careful epistemological standing which offers new lenses to re-examine, re-story and restore human societies’ relation with the more-than-human world, beyond Anthropocenic boundaries.
Il presente elaborato si presenta quale indagine filosofica in chiave eco-femminista dell’Antropocene. L'Antropocene ha recentemente invaso i dibattiti politici di tutto il mondo e ha suscitato un notevole interesse nei circoli accademici, sia nelle scienze naturali sia nelle scienze umanistiche. Il termine Antropocene è apparso per la prima volta nelle scienze naturali nel 2000 (Crutzen, 2000) per rispondere alla necessità di dare un nome e un senso a un presente in rapido cambiamento e per localizzare l’apporto degli esseri umani al suo interno. Nonostante l'Antropocene sia diventato oggi una parola ampiamente utilizzata nei più svariati campi e studi, non si è ancora trovato un punto di incontro circa la sua formalizzazione. Alcuni (Brondizio et al. 2016) sostengono che il concetto di Antropocene rappresenti un’opportunità per sviluppare le metodologie necessarie ad affrontare le sfide socio-ecologiche del presente, oltre che a permettere di costruire sinergie fra diversi ambiti disciplinari. Tuttavia, nella mia ricerca prendo le parti di coloro che sostengono che l'uso sproporzionato del termine limiti fortemente la possibilità di immaginare un futuro sul pianeta Terra. Nell’osservare che l'Antropocene non è un'etichetta innocente utilizzata per segnare una nuova unità temporale geologica sostengo, accanto alla storica ecofemminista Stefania Barca (2020) e al filosofo Agostino Cera (2023), che esso corrisponda alla "narrazione principale" (Barca, 2020) del presente. La storia principale di questa narrazione, così come raccontata dalle scienze naturali e dal diritto positivo, appare plasmata “dall'occhio privilegiato del soggetto bianco/maschile della storia" (Barca, 2020). Tale storia è incentrata sul rapporto tra due categorie immutabili e in conflitto tra loro: la specie umana come insieme disincarnato di individui e l'ambiente/natura, che culmina nell’immaginario di un'apocalittica e fatale "fine del mondo". Partendo dall'assunto femminista della parzialità del sapere (Haraway, 1988), consistente principalmente nell'idea che il sapere non viene dato in modo definivo, ma è il risultato dell'unione di punti di vista parziali e di voci che si intrecciano fra loro, apro la possibilità di ri-raccontare l'Antropocene e le sue istituzioni, attraverso le teorie ecofemministe e dell’ecocritica femminista, per provare a superare tale concetto. Una nuova narrazione delle sfide globali è necessaria, soprattutto alla luce del fatto che siamo entrati nel Decennio delle Nazioni Unite per il Ripristino degli Ecosistemi. Il Decennio per il Ripristino degli Ecosistemi, sancito dalla Risoluzione 73/284 delle Nazioni Unite (A/RES/73/284, 2019), rappresenta un'occasione per approfondire e ripensare al modo in cui il diritto ambientale dell'Antropocene agisce separando invece di prendersi cura del mondo e dei propri limiti. Tre domande di ricerca dunque guidano il dibattito: (1) quanto può durare una vita che si riproduce su premesse di violenza, distruzione e sfruttamento, quando l'abitabilità di ogni creatura e specie del pianeta è in pericolo?; (2) il diritto ambientale dell'Antropocene (Grear, 2020) può trarre soluzioni o perseguire forme di riparazione/ripristino, quando il mondo viene diviso in due domini: uno inanimato, inerte e l’altro animato e dotato di potere?; (3) che cosa occorre per uscire da questa stasi? La ricerca ha quindi due obiettivi principali e complementari, distribuiti rispettivamente in una pars destruens e in una pars costruens. Da un lato, riporta la critica ecofemminista dei riferimenti concettuali che guidano la narrazione dell'Antropocene e, quindi, la storia principale del diritto ambientale, delle scienze naturali e delle azioni di riparazione ecologica, che appaiono in definitiva violente. Dall’altra, mira a impegnarsi in uno sforzo immaginativo per ripensare alla riparazione non come un insieme di misure predeterminate, piuttosto, come un insieme aperto di azioni, pratiche e modalità di emendamento che intra-agiscono (Barad, 2003) per muovere verso l’assunzione della responsabilità e del prendersi cura della grande difficoltà che comporta vivere e morire, insieme a molte altre creature, su un pianeta danneggiato. Il lavoro è organizzato in quattro capitoli. Il capitolo 1 offre un'analisi approfondita dell'Antropocene, ricostruendone le principali coordinate. Il capitolo 2 si rivolge alle filosofie ecofemministe, che smascherano le giustificazioni utilizzate dal modello padronale per dominare, controllare e sfruttare la capacità riproduttiva e riparativa di coloro che abitano la categoria della natura, ovvero le donne e gli outsider (Lorde, 1984) umani e non umani della modernità. L'analisi anti-egemonica delle filosofe ecofemministe è in grado di mostrare le lacune della narrazione dominante e di dare valore a coloro che riparano il mondo quotidianamenteumani e non umani—ma che sono sempre stati tenuti ai margini. Il Capitolo 3, sull’assunto del pensiero delle filosofe dell’ecocritica femminista, apre la possibilità di sostituire l'epistemologia delle crisi della narrazione dominante dell'Antropocene con un approccio epistemologico radicato nell'etica affermativa della cura. Il quarto e ultimo capitolo applica i concetti emersi circa l’etica affermativa della cura alla materia della riparazione ecologica per integrare il quadro normativo del diritto ambientale. La riparazione ecologica risulta così essere strumento e approccio epistemologico in grado di offrire nuove lenti per ri-esaminare, ri-raccontare e riparare la relazione delle società umane con il mondo non umano, al di là dei confini Antropocenici.
Re-storying and restoring the legal perspective to ecology for trans-species restoration. Exploring imaginaries of ecological restoration rooted in care, through ecofeminist and feminist ecocritical worldviews / Porrone, Arianna. - ELETTRONICO. - (2023).
Re-storying and restoring the legal perspective to ecology for trans-species restoration. Exploring imaginaries of ecological restoration rooted in care, through ecofeminist and feminist ecocritical worldviews.
Porrone, Arianna
2023-01-01
Abstract
The present work takes the form of an eco-feminist philosophical investigation of the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene has recently permeated public political debates globally, and has raised considerable interest among scholarly circles, both in the natural sciences, and in the humanities. The term Anthropocene first appeared in the natural sciences in 2000, suggested by Nobel Price scientist Paul J. Crutzen and biologist Eugene F. Stormer (2000), to respond to the need of naming and making sense of a fast-changing present, and to localize human beings therein. Despite the fact that the Anthropocene has nowadays become a catch-word, being widely employed in many different fields and scholarships, the term has not yet been formalized. While some (Brondizio et al. 2016) highlight the opportunity that the concept of the Anthropocene offers to move toward the conceptual synthesis and integrative methodologies that are needed to address the socio-ecological challenges of the present, I argue otherwise. In my investigation, I align with those who contend that, instead, the disproportionate use of the term severely limits the possibility of imagining a future on planet Earth. By acknowledging that the Anthropocene is not an innocent label marking a new geological time unit, along with ecofeminist historian Stefania Barca (2020) and philosopher Agostino Cera (2023) I argue that it is the “master narrative” (Barca, 2020) holding the present together. Told by the Western natural sciences and the law, the main story of the Anthropocene narrative appears moulded “by the privileged eye of the white/male subject of history” (Barca, 2020). Such story centres around the relationship between two antagonist monolithic categories, the human species as a disembodied whole, and the environment/nature, manifesting an imaginary which culminates in an apocalyptic fatal “end of the world”. Building on the feminist assumption of the partiality of knowledge (Haraway, 1988), thus the idea that knowledge is not given once and for all, but rather is the result of the joining of partial views and halting voices, I open the possibility to re-story the Anthropocene and its laws, through ecofeminist and feminist ecocritical worldviews, to eventually overcome it. A re-storyation of the world’s struggle is needed, especially in light of the fact that we have entered the Decade for Ecosystem Restoration. The Decade for Ecosystem restoration, enshrined by the United Nations Resolution 73/284 (A/RES/73/284, 2019), represents a chance to re-think the way in which Western-centric environmental law of the Anthropocene acts and separates—instead of taking care of its limiting beliefs. Thus three pressing questions guide the discussion: (1) for how long can a life that re-produces itself on premises of violence, destruction, and exploitation last, when the very habitability of all creatures and species on the planet is under threat?; (2) Can an environmental law of the Anthropocene (Grear, 2020) draw solutions, or pursue restoration, when the world comes to be regarded as divided into two domains: one that is inanimate and has no agency, and one which is animated and concentrates all?; (3) What does it take to move forward? The research has thus two main complementary objectives, distributed into a pars destruens and pars costruens respectively. On the one hand, it reports the ecofeminist critique’s of the conceptual referents driving the Anthropocene narrative, and thus the main story of environmental law, the natural sciences, and the actions concerning ecological restoration, which appear to be ultimately violent. On the other hand, it aims at engaging in an imaginative effort to re-think restoration not as a set of pre-determined measures. Rather, as an open-ended set of actions, practices and modes of amendment which move to take responsibility and care for the great unease involved in living and dying, with many other creatures, on a damaged planet. The work is organised in four chapters. Chapter 1 offers an in-depth analysis of the Anthropocene, retracing its main coordinates. Chapter 2 turns to ecofeminist philosophies, which expose the justifications—conceptual referents—employed by the master model to dominate, control and exploit the reproductive and restorative capacity of those who inhabit the category of nature, namely women and the human and more-than-human outsiders of modernity. Ecofeminists’ anti-hegemonic analysis is able to display the shortcomings of the dominant narrative, and to endow with value those who repair the world on a daily basis—humans and more-than-humans—but who have always been kept at the margins. Scrutinising the thought of feminist ecocritical philosophers, Chapter 3 opens up the possibility to substitute the epistemology of crises of the Anthropocene master narrative, with an epistemological approach rooted in the affirmative ethics of care. The fourth and last Chapter interprets the findings around the affirmative ethics of care in the matter of ecological restoration, to enhance the environmental law framework. In this sense, ecological restoration emerges as a means and careful epistemological standing which offers new lenses to re-examine, re-story and restore human societies’ relation with the more-than-human world, beyond Anthropocenic boundaries.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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