Since the beginning of 2000 the international community recognized the necessity to focus its action on disaster prevention and elaborated a set of instruments on this issue. Most of these acts is not legally binding, ranging from documents adopted within the United Nations strategies for disaster prevention endorsed by General Assembly resolutions to acts elaborated within regional organizations or by non-State actors. These acts contain standards and principles aimed at protecting persons, properties, and environment from natural or man-made events whose potential harmful effects are serious. The soft law instruments addressing disaster prevention are coherent in affirming the need to anticipate preventive action and recommend the adoption of measures of disaster risk reduction (DRR). The first major act reflecting such anticipatory approach is the Hyogo framework, adopted in 2005 within an intergovernmental conference held by the United Nations Strategy for disaster reduction and endorsed by General Assembly resolution. Since the adoption of the Hyogo framework, many instruments have been elaborated pursuing the objective to reduce the risk of disasters. References to this objective can be found also in the practice developed in other international law areas whose norms are relevant in case of disasters. The repetition by a variety of international acts of the necessity to adopt measures of disaster risk reduction raises the issue of identifying the concrete legal impact such acts may produce. Indeed, the fact that international instruments addressing disaster prevention converge around the need to anticipate preventive action may contribute to the emergence of a common international understanding relating to the appropriate measures States should take to effectively prevent disasters. The thesis analyzes the legal effects deriving from soft law instruments containing standards and principles on DRR. In particular, the research illustrates weather and to what extent such instruments interact with those international norms imposing a general obligation of disaster prevention, with the purpose to establish weather and to what extent the content of such obligation reflects DRR approaches. Indeed, soft law instruments, through their interaction with positive international law, may become relevant to determine more precisely the content of those legal norms of general character. Therefore, the thesis illustrates weather and in which conditions soft law instruments on DRR are taken into account in the interpretation and application of international norms in case of disasters. International norms establishing the obligation of disaster prevention may be found in a plurality of areas, ranging from norms with a more sectoral scope of application, such as those related to the spread of infectious diseases, the protection of world heritage, the international trade, and the space, to norms with a wider scope of application, such as those concerning the protection of human rights and environment. This research takes into account only these latter two groups of norms with aim to demonstrate their interaction with soft law instruments on DRR. The thesis is divided into four parts. Chapter I concentrates on the law-making process related to international rules and principles addressing disasters and are identified the sources applying specifically to this kind of phenomena. The analysis shows the key role assumed by soft law instruments in this area. Then, the study focuses on such instruments with aim of identifying the main elements characterizing the disaster risk reduction measures. It emerges that these measures reflect a precautionary approach to disaster prevention. Soft law instruments provide a set of concrete procedural actions States should take in order to implement such precautionary approach; then, the chapter identifies and singularly analyzes these procedural measures. In Chapter II, firstly, it is determined which are the international norms on the protection of human rights establishing an obligation of disaster prevention and, secondly, it is clarified what are the concrete measures States must take to implement such obligation. To this end, it is analyzed the case-law resulting from the practice of regional courts and other monitoring bodies set up by international treaties on human rights. The documents adopted by the Human Rights Council are taken into account as well. The practice examined shows that in the area of human rights some coherent approaches to disaster prevention are developing. In particular, it is noted that the scope of the obligation of disaster prevention varies depending on weather the risk origins from industrial activities, natural events or climate change. Moreover, it is observed that social and personal vulnerabilities are considered as risks of disasters and in relation to these vulnerabilities States have preventive obligations. Chapter III focuses on the analysis of international norms related to the protection of the environment with aim to determine which are in this area the sources of international law establishing an obligation of disaster prevention. In addition, in the chapter are identified the minimum measures States must take to implement such obligation. To this latter end, treaties’ provisions applicable in case of disasters are analyzed together with the interpretations of such treaties resulting from the case-law of international courts and tribunals and the acts adopted by the conferences of the parties and the other bodies established by the treaties themselves. The analysis illustrates that some coherent approaches to disaster prevention are developing also in this area. Such convergence permits to identify the concrete measures States must take to implement the obligation of prevention. In particular, it has been identified distinct approaches depending on weather the disaster origins from industrial accidents, loss of biodiversity or climate change. After having clarified the characteristics of DRR measures (Chapter I) and having identified the obligations of disaster prevention deriving from the international law of human rights and environment (Chapter II and III), Chapter IV focuses on the relationship between soft law instruments on disaster risk reduction and the two areas of international law examined. In this part are highlighted the elements which distinguish DRR approaches compared to the other approaches more consolidated in the international legal system. In addition, it is observed weather and to what extent DRR approaches can be integrated in the international law of human rights and environment. In particular, it is observed that looking at some elements of the international practice related to the prevention of disasters developed in the fields of human rights and environment, it can be held that in such areas are affirming some approaches which are coherent with those contained in soft law instruments on DRR. Therefore, it is clarified weather and to what extent measures of DRR coincide with the content of the obligation of disaster prevention deriving from the international law of human rights and environment. The analysis carried out in Chapter IV highlights also the ways in which the interaction between soft law instruments and international norms takes place.
Nei primi anni del secondo millennio, la comunità internazionale ha elaborato una serie di atti internazionali volti a regolamentare la prevenzione dei disastri. Si tratta perlopiù di strumenti privi di forza giuridica vincolante contenenti standard e principi finalizzati a limitare le perdite di vite umane nonché i danni ai beni e all’ambiente provocati da eventi naturali o antropici di elevata gravità. Gli strumenti di soft law in questione tendono a convergere attorno all’esigenza di anticipare il momento in cui si dovrebbe agire in via preventiva e, pertanto, le misure che essi raccomandano mirano a ridurre i rischi di disastro. Da quando l’obiettivo di disaster risk reduction (DRR) è stato per la prima volta inserito in un atto internazionale, ossia nello Hyogo framework, adottato nel 2005 in seno a una conferenza intergovernativa indetta nell’ambito della Strategia per la riduzione dei disastri dell’ONU, sono state avviate numerose iniziative a livello internazionale coerenti con tale obiettivo e si rinvengono riferimenti ad esso nelle diverse aree del diritto internazionale le cui norme rilevano ai fini della prevenzione dei disastri. L’emergere di una pluralità di atti internazionali che ribadiscono la necessità di adottare misure di DRR solleva l’esigenza di comprendere gli effetti giuridici che tali atti possono produrre. Infatti, alla luce della coerenza con cui gli strumenti internazionali che regolamentano la prevenzione dei disastri affermano l’esigenza di adottare un approccio anticipatorio, si può ritenere che si stia formando un certo consenso a livello internazionale circa l’adeguatezza di tale approccio ai fini della prevenzione dei disastri. Questo consenso può assumere rilevanza ai fini dell’interpretazione delle norme internazionali relative alla prevenzione dei disastri. La tesi analizza gli effetti giuridici derivanti dagli strumenti di soft law in materia di riduzione del rischio di disastri. In particolare, la ricerca mostra in che misura questi atti interagiscano con quelle norme internazionali da cui discende un obbligo di carattere generale di prevenzione dei disastri, con l’obiettivo di stabilire se e in che misura il contenuto di tale obbligo sia coerente con l’approccio alla prevenzione implicito nelle misure di DRR. Infatti, le norme di soft law, attraverso la loro interazione con il diritto internazionale positivo possono contribuire a determinare in maniera più precisa la portata di norme giuridiche di carattere generale. L’elaborato, quindi, illustra se e in quali condizioni le norme di soft law sulla DRR siano prese a riferimento ai fini dell’interpretazione e dell’applicazione delle norme internazionali in situazioni di disastro. Le norme internazionali da cui può derivare un obbligo di prevenzione dei disastri sono plurime: si va dalle norme di portata più settoriale, come quelle riguardanti il contrasto dei fenomeni epidemici, la protezione del patrimonio culturale, il commercio internazionale e la gestione dello spazio, alle norme di portata più generale come quelle sulla protezione dei diritti umani e sulla tutela dell’ambiente. La presente ricerca si è limitata a prendere in considerazione questi ultimi due ambiti del diritto internazionale al fine di farne emergere l’interazione con le norme di soft law in materia di DRR. La ricerca si suddivide in quattro parti. Nel Capitolo I si analizza il processo che ha portato allo sviluppo delle regole e dei principi internazionali in materia di disastri e sono individuate le fonti normative che hanno come ambito di applicazione specifico questo tipo di fenomeni. Dall’analisi emerge il ruolo centrale delle fonti di soft law nella regolamentazione della prevenzione dei disastri. In seguito, lo studio si concentra sull’identificazione degli elementi caratterizzanti l’obiettivo di riduzione dei rischi di disastro alla luce degli standard e dei principi contenuti negli atti di soft law che lo regolano. Si rileva così come le azioni volte a ridurre i rischi di disastro riflettano un approccio precauzionale alla prevenzione dei disastri e come per l’attuazione di tale approccio gli atti di soft law raccomandino l’adozione di una serie di misure di carattere procedurale. Nel Capitolo II sono dapprima individuate le norme internazionali relative alla tutela dei diritti umani da cui deriva l’obbligo di prevenire i disastri; successivamente, di tale obbligo di carattere generale viene determinato un contenuto minimo più preciso. A tal fine si prende in esame la prassi giurisprudenziale delle corti regionali e dei comitati istituiti dai trattati in materia di diritti umani e sono analizzati altresì gli atti adottati dallo Human Rights Council. Dalla prassi esaminata emergono degli approcci convergenti alla prevenzione dei disastri. In forza di questi approcci tra loro coerenti viene delineato un contenuto minimo concreto dell’obbligo di prevenzione dei disastri derivante dalle norme internazionali sulla protezione dei diritti umani. In particolare, si nota come la portata dell’obbligo vari a seconda che il rischio di disastro abbia origine dalle attività industriali, dagli eventi naturali o dal cambiamento climatico. Si osserva inoltre come le vulnerabilità sociali e personali siano considerate dalla prassi in materia di diritti umani quali rischi di disastro rispetto ai quali gli Stati hanno obblighi di carattere preventivo. Il Capitolo III è dedicato all’esame delle norme internazionali in materia di ambiente: sono identificate le fonti del diritto internazionale dell’ambiente da cui discende l’obbligo di prevenzione dei disastri e sono messe in rilievo le misure minime che gli Stati devono adottare per adempiere a tale obbligo. A questo scopo, sono analizzate le disposizioni dei trattati in materia di ambiente applicabili in situazioni di disastro e si guarda altresì all’interpretazione che delle disposizioni in oggetto viene data dalle corti e dai tribunali internazionali nonché dalle conferenze delle parti e dagli altri organismi istituiti da tali trattati. Dall’analisi emerge come anche in questa area si siano sviluppati degli approcci convergenti alla prevenzione dei disastri e sono delineate così le misure minime richieste agli Stati al fine di dare attuazione a tale obbligo. In particolare, si osserva come il contenuto dell’obbligo di prevenzione dei disastri imposto dalle norme sulla tutela dell’ambiente vari a seconda che il disastro derivi da incidenti industriali, dalla perdita della biodiversità o dal cambiamento climatico. Una volta comprese le caratteristiche della DRR e individuati gli obblighi di prevenzione dei disastri derivanti dal diritto internazionale in materia di diritti umani e di ambiente, nel Capitolo IV ci si concentra sul rapporto che intercorre tra gli standard contenuti negli atti di soft law sulla riduzione dei rischi di disastro e il diritto internazionale dei diritti umani e dell’ambiente. In questa parte sono messi in rilievo gli elementi di novità che la DRR presenta rispetto agli approcci alla prevenzione dei disastri più consolidati nel diritto internazionale dei diritti umani e dell’ambiente e si illustra se e in che misura tali novità siano o possano essere recepite nelle norme internazionali sulla protezione dei diritti umani e sulla tutela dell’ambiente. In particolare, si nota come alcuni elementi della prassi in materia di prevenzione dei disastri sviluppatasi in queste due aree del diritto internazionale facciano propendere per l’affermarsi in tali ambiti di approcci conformi a quello contenuto negli atti di soft law sulla riduzione dei rischi di disastro. Di conseguenza, si chiarisce se e fino a che punto le misure di DRR coincidano con il contenuto dell’obbligo di prevenzione dei disastri derivante dal diritto internazionale dei diritti umani e dell’ambiente. L’analisi svolta nel Capitolo IV mette altresì in luce le modalità con cui avviene l’interazione tra gli atti di soft law e le norme internazionali convenzionali.
La disaster risk reduction nel diritto internazionale / Passarini, Federica. - ELETTRONICO. - (2022).
La disaster risk reduction nel diritto internazionale
Federica Passarini
2022-01-01
Abstract
Since the beginning of 2000 the international community recognized the necessity to focus its action on disaster prevention and elaborated a set of instruments on this issue. Most of these acts is not legally binding, ranging from documents adopted within the United Nations strategies for disaster prevention endorsed by General Assembly resolutions to acts elaborated within regional organizations or by non-State actors. These acts contain standards and principles aimed at protecting persons, properties, and environment from natural or man-made events whose potential harmful effects are serious. The soft law instruments addressing disaster prevention are coherent in affirming the need to anticipate preventive action and recommend the adoption of measures of disaster risk reduction (DRR). The first major act reflecting such anticipatory approach is the Hyogo framework, adopted in 2005 within an intergovernmental conference held by the United Nations Strategy for disaster reduction and endorsed by General Assembly resolution. Since the adoption of the Hyogo framework, many instruments have been elaborated pursuing the objective to reduce the risk of disasters. References to this objective can be found also in the practice developed in other international law areas whose norms are relevant in case of disasters. The repetition by a variety of international acts of the necessity to adopt measures of disaster risk reduction raises the issue of identifying the concrete legal impact such acts may produce. Indeed, the fact that international instruments addressing disaster prevention converge around the need to anticipate preventive action may contribute to the emergence of a common international understanding relating to the appropriate measures States should take to effectively prevent disasters. The thesis analyzes the legal effects deriving from soft law instruments containing standards and principles on DRR. In particular, the research illustrates weather and to what extent such instruments interact with those international norms imposing a general obligation of disaster prevention, with the purpose to establish weather and to what extent the content of such obligation reflects DRR approaches. Indeed, soft law instruments, through their interaction with positive international law, may become relevant to determine more precisely the content of those legal norms of general character. Therefore, the thesis illustrates weather and in which conditions soft law instruments on DRR are taken into account in the interpretation and application of international norms in case of disasters. International norms establishing the obligation of disaster prevention may be found in a plurality of areas, ranging from norms with a more sectoral scope of application, such as those related to the spread of infectious diseases, the protection of world heritage, the international trade, and the space, to norms with a wider scope of application, such as those concerning the protection of human rights and environment. This research takes into account only these latter two groups of norms with aim to demonstrate their interaction with soft law instruments on DRR. The thesis is divided into four parts. Chapter I concentrates on the law-making process related to international rules and principles addressing disasters and are identified the sources applying specifically to this kind of phenomena. The analysis shows the key role assumed by soft law instruments in this area. Then, the study focuses on such instruments with aim of identifying the main elements characterizing the disaster risk reduction measures. It emerges that these measures reflect a precautionary approach to disaster prevention. Soft law instruments provide a set of concrete procedural actions States should take in order to implement such precautionary approach; then, the chapter identifies and singularly analyzes these procedural measures. In Chapter II, firstly, it is determined which are the international norms on the protection of human rights establishing an obligation of disaster prevention and, secondly, it is clarified what are the concrete measures States must take to implement such obligation. To this end, it is analyzed the case-law resulting from the practice of regional courts and other monitoring bodies set up by international treaties on human rights. The documents adopted by the Human Rights Council are taken into account as well. The practice examined shows that in the area of human rights some coherent approaches to disaster prevention are developing. In particular, it is noted that the scope of the obligation of disaster prevention varies depending on weather the risk origins from industrial activities, natural events or climate change. Moreover, it is observed that social and personal vulnerabilities are considered as risks of disasters and in relation to these vulnerabilities States have preventive obligations. Chapter III focuses on the analysis of international norms related to the protection of the environment with aim to determine which are in this area the sources of international law establishing an obligation of disaster prevention. In addition, in the chapter are identified the minimum measures States must take to implement such obligation. To this latter end, treaties’ provisions applicable in case of disasters are analyzed together with the interpretations of such treaties resulting from the case-law of international courts and tribunals and the acts adopted by the conferences of the parties and the other bodies established by the treaties themselves. The analysis illustrates that some coherent approaches to disaster prevention are developing also in this area. Such convergence permits to identify the concrete measures States must take to implement the obligation of prevention. In particular, it has been identified distinct approaches depending on weather the disaster origins from industrial accidents, loss of biodiversity or climate change. After having clarified the characteristics of DRR measures (Chapter I) and having identified the obligations of disaster prevention deriving from the international law of human rights and environment (Chapter II and III), Chapter IV focuses on the relationship between soft law instruments on disaster risk reduction and the two areas of international law examined. In this part are highlighted the elements which distinguish DRR approaches compared to the other approaches more consolidated in the international legal system. In addition, it is observed weather and to what extent DRR approaches can be integrated in the international law of human rights and environment. In particular, it is observed that looking at some elements of the international practice related to the prevention of disasters developed in the fields of human rights and environment, it can be held that in such areas are affirming some approaches which are coherent with those contained in soft law instruments on DRR. Therefore, it is clarified weather and to what extent measures of DRR coincide with the content of the obligation of disaster prevention deriving from the international law of human rights and environment. The analysis carried out in Chapter IV highlights also the ways in which the interaction between soft law instruments and international norms takes place.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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