This work deals with the issue of smart contracts in a comparative perspective, and aims to carry out an analysis on the theoretical compatibility of the traditional principles of contract law with the problems posed by the use of IT protocols blockchain based in the Italian and English legal experiences. Indeed, the technology blockchain poses incredibly difficult challenges to law, especially when we consider that it is historically conceived as the main instrument for the exercise of state power, while the DLT (Distributed Ledger Technologies) have as their main purpose that of overcoming the essential role played by states. The blockchains, in fact, aim at the construction of a society whose main actors are individuals, and not institutional bodies; a society that has as a guarantee of stability the trust that citizens place in the functioning of the new technologies constituting platforms capable of enhancing the relationshippeer to peer. The choice to compare the Italian and English legal system is linked to the fact that numerous initiatives have been undertaken in them to address, through different paths, the relationship between blockchain, smart contract and law. If Italy, in fact, was among the first countries in the world to give a legislative definition to these digital phenomena, England has already been active at an institutional level for several years with important studies on the subject, in order to better understand how to address the relevant issues raised by technological innovations. The legal institutions chosen as key elements of the road to take were the italian contract and the english contract, given the capital importance that they have held in the history of human relations and given their ability to paradigmatically highlight the most critical profiles relating to the relationship between human will, the "will" of the machine and state power. In view of this, an attempt was made to understand the potential impact of these technological innovations on the very concept of contract in the Italian legal system and of contract in England, as well as to bring out the thorniest issues such as the justiciability of the legal relationships performed on the platform blockchain based and to highlight problematic issues of great practical relevance. The solutions proposed by national legislators, European institutions and doctrine to regulate new technological phenomena range from the provision of state laws to regulation by the EU, up to the application of a sort of supranational lex mercatoria to which the contracting parties can draw on to make the most of the potential of technological innovations. However, from the analysis addressed on the characteristics of the blockchain, smart contracts and some of the contractual institutions, it seemed to emerge the possibility of identifying a framework of compatibility, on a theoretical level, of the general principles and provisions of the law of contracts of the established systems in comparison with new technologies and, consequently, the possibility of applying the existing rules to blockchain based IT protocols seems to emerge. Indeed, the juridical traditions examined seem to have in themselves the suitable tools to absorb the innovations proposed by computer programs. In fact, it was possible to observe how private autonomy, the modality of formation of the agreement, the contractual cause, the consideration of the contract, the concepts of illiceità and illegality as well as the object and the formal requirements of the italian contract and the english contract are not they run the risk of being overwhelmed in their essential features following the impact with the phenomenon of smart contracts. From this it emerged that the most relevant issue is not so much the urgency of abstractly defining smart contracts or in providing rules to regulate the same through mechanisms of soft law, but in the need to identify ways in which States can counter the effects of unwanted smart contracts or contrary to the fundamental principles of the legal systems. To this end, a patrimonial restitution mechanism has been hypothesized using legal instruments that already exist in the national legal systems compared but also advancing the possibility that the States, the EU or international treaties may decide in the future to integrate the law of contracts by providing for specific rules that are merely aimed at preparing new institutions that allow a settlement mechanism of a sum of money that one part of the smart contract must pay to the others, in order to restore the damage suffered by the latter, in the event that it is not possible to delete or modify the effects of the invalid IT protocol. From the provision of a targeted intervention in this sense, in addition to the preservation of the legal categories already known by national laws, which would be attributable to smart contracts, it would be highlighted what is the actual peculiarity of the IT protocols, that is the self-execution of the same, without the need to eliminate the fundamental role of guaranteeing the justiciability of legal situations that has always been played by States. Finally, however, it was necessary to reiterate that, in the event of invalidity of the protocol, the national judge cannot, as things stand, eliminate or modify the immediate effects of the smart contract, unless the parties decide when writing the protocol to include in it the automatic retractability of its effects upon receipt of a certain input from an oracle, which can convey data even indirectly from the judicial authority. Therefore, the problem remains due to the impossibility of eliminating the effects that have materialized in the digital world as well as those effects that occur in the real world and are the result of the action of the smart contract.
Il presente lavoro affronta il tema degli smart contracts in una prospettiva comparatistica e si propone di svolgere un’analisi sulla compatibilità teorica dei tradizionali principi del diritto contrattuale con le problematiche poste dall’uso dei protocolli informatici blockchain based nelle esperienze giuridiche italiana e inglese. Infatti, la tecnologia blockchain pone delle sfide incredibilmente ardue al diritto, soprattutto ove si consideri che esso è storicamente concepito come lo strumento principale per l’esercizio del potere statuale, mentre le DLT (Distributed Ledger Technologies) hanno come scopo principale quello di superare l’essenziale ruolo ricoperto dagli Stati. Le blockchains, infatti, mirano alla costruzione di una società i cui attori principali siano gli individui, e non enti istituzionali; una società che abbia come garanzia di stabilità la fiducia che i cittadini ripongono nel funzionamento delle nuove tecnologie costituenti piattaforme in grado di valorizzare il rapporto peer to peer. La scelta di porre in comparazione l’ordinamento italiano e inglese si lega al fatto che in essi sono state intraprese numerose iniziative per affrontare, attraverso strade diverse, il rapporto tra blockchain, smart contract e diritto. Se l’Italia, infatti, è stata tra i primi Paesi al mondo a dare una definizione legislativa a tali fenomeni digitali, l’Inghilterra si è attivata a livello istituzionale già da vari anni con importanti studi sul tema, al fine di comprendere al meglio la modalità con cui affrontare le rilevanti questioni sollevate dalle innovazioni tecnologiche. Gli istituti scelti come elementi chiave della strada da intraprendere sono stati il contratto italiano ed il contract inglese, attesa la capitale importanza che gli stessi hanno ricoperto nella storia delle relazioni umane e data la loro capacità di porre paradigmaticamente in luce i profili più critici attinenti al rapporto tra volontà umana, “volontà” della macchina e potere statale. A fronte di ciò, si è tentato di comprendere la potenziale incidenza di tali innovazioni tecnologiche sulla concezione stessa di contratto nell’ordinamento italiano e di contract in Inghilterra, nonché di far emergere le questioni più spinose come la giustiziabilità dei rapporti giuridici eseguiti nella piattaforme blockchain based e di evidenziare rilievi problematici di grande attualità pratica. Le soluzioni proposte dai legislatori nazionali, dalle istituzioni europee e dalla dottrina per disciplinare i nuovi fenomeni tecnologici spaziano dalla previsione di leggi statali ad una regolamentazione da parte dell’UE, sino all’applicazione di una sorta di lex mercatoria sovranazionale a cui i contraenti possano attingere per sfruttare al meglio le potenzialità delle innovazioni tecnologiche. Tuttavia, dall’analisi affrontata sulle caratteristiche della blockchain, degli smart contracts e di alcuni degli istituti contrattuali, è sembrata però emergere la possibilità di individuare un quadro di compatibilità, sul piano teorico, dei principi generali e delle disposizioni del diritto dei contratti degli ordinamenti posti in comparazione con le nuove tecnologie e, conseguentemente, pare manifestarsi la possibilità di applicare le norme esistenti ai protocolli informatici blockchain based. Invero, le tradizioni giuridiche prese in esame sembrano avere già in sé gli strumenti idonei ad assorbire le novità proposte dai programmi per elaboratore. Infatti, si è potuto osservare come l’autonomia privata, la modalità di formazione dell’accordo, la causa contrattuale, la consideration del contract, i concetti di illiceità e di illegality nonché l’oggetto e i requisiti di forma del contratto e del contract non corrono il rischio di essere travolti nei loro tratti essenziali a seguito dell’impatto col fenomeno degli smart contracts. Da ciò è emerso che la questione maggiormente rilevante non consiste tanto nell’urgenza di definire astrattamente gli smart contracts o nel prevedere delle regole per disciplinare gli stessi attraverso meccanismi di soft law, ma nella necessità di individuare delle modalità attraverso cui gli Stati possano contrastare gli effetti degli smart contracts non voluti o contrari ai principi fondamentali degli ordinamenti. A tal fine si è ipotizzato un meccanismo restitutorio di natura patrimoniale, utilizzando strumenti giuridici già esistenti negli ordinamenti nazionali posti in comparazione ma anche avanzando la possibilità che gli Stati, l’UE o i trattati internazionali possano decidere in futuro di integrare il diritto dei contratti prevedendo delle norme specifiche che siano meramente finalizzate ad approntare nuovi istituti che consentano un meccanismo di liquidazione di una somma di denaro che una parte dello smart contract deve versare alle altre, al fine di ristabilire il pregiudizio subito da quest’ultima, nel caso in cui non sia possibile eliminare o modificare gli effetti del protocollo informatico invalido. Dalla previsione di un intervento mirato in tal senso, oltre alla preservazione delle categorie giuridiche già conosciute dai diritti nazionali, cui sarebbero riconducibili gli smart contracts, si metterebbe in luce quella che è l’effettiva peculiarità dei protocolli informatici, ovvero l’autoesecutività degli stessi, senza la necessità di eliminare il fondamentale ruolo di garantire la giustiziabilità delle situazioni giuridiche svolto da sempre dagli Stati nazionali. Infine, tuttavia, è stato necessario ribadire che, in caso di invalidità del protocollo, il giudice nazionale non può, allo stato dei fatti, eliminare o modificare gli effetti immediati dello smart contract, a meno che in sede di scrittura del protocollo le parti non decidano di includere in esso la retrattabilità automatica dei suoi effetti al ricevimento di un certo input proveniente da un oracle, il quale possa veicolare dei dati provenienti anche indirettamente dall’autorità giudiziale. Permane, pertanto, la problematica dovuta all’ineliminabilità degli effetti concretizzatisi nel mondo digitale nonché di quegli effetti che si verificano nel mondo reale e che sono frutto dell’azione dello smart contract.
SMART CONTRACT, AUTONOMIA PRIVATA E DIRITTO DEI CONTRATTI NELLA PROSPETTIVA COMPARATISTICA
FORTUNA JACOPO
2022-01-01
Abstract
This work deals with the issue of smart contracts in a comparative perspective, and aims to carry out an analysis on the theoretical compatibility of the traditional principles of contract law with the problems posed by the use of IT protocols blockchain based in the Italian and English legal experiences. Indeed, the technology blockchain poses incredibly difficult challenges to law, especially when we consider that it is historically conceived as the main instrument for the exercise of state power, while the DLT (Distributed Ledger Technologies) have as their main purpose that of overcoming the essential role played by states. The blockchains, in fact, aim at the construction of a society whose main actors are individuals, and not institutional bodies; a society that has as a guarantee of stability the trust that citizens place in the functioning of the new technologies constituting platforms capable of enhancing the relationshippeer to peer. The choice to compare the Italian and English legal system is linked to the fact that numerous initiatives have been undertaken in them to address, through different paths, the relationship between blockchain, smart contract and law. If Italy, in fact, was among the first countries in the world to give a legislative definition to these digital phenomena, England has already been active at an institutional level for several years with important studies on the subject, in order to better understand how to address the relevant issues raised by technological innovations. The legal institutions chosen as key elements of the road to take were the italian contract and the english contract, given the capital importance that they have held in the history of human relations and given their ability to paradigmatically highlight the most critical profiles relating to the relationship between human will, the "will" of the machine and state power. In view of this, an attempt was made to understand the potential impact of these technological innovations on the very concept of contract in the Italian legal system and of contract in England, as well as to bring out the thorniest issues such as the justiciability of the legal relationships performed on the platform blockchain based and to highlight problematic issues of great practical relevance. The solutions proposed by national legislators, European institutions and doctrine to regulate new technological phenomena range from the provision of state laws to regulation by the EU, up to the application of a sort of supranational lex mercatoria to which the contracting parties can draw on to make the most of the potential of technological innovations. However, from the analysis addressed on the characteristics of the blockchain, smart contracts and some of the contractual institutions, it seemed to emerge the possibility of identifying a framework of compatibility, on a theoretical level, of the general principles and provisions of the law of contracts of the established systems in comparison with new technologies and, consequently, the possibility of applying the existing rules to blockchain based IT protocols seems to emerge. Indeed, the juridical traditions examined seem to have in themselves the suitable tools to absorb the innovations proposed by computer programs. In fact, it was possible to observe how private autonomy, the modality of formation of the agreement, the contractual cause, the consideration of the contract, the concepts of illiceità and illegality as well as the object and the formal requirements of the italian contract and the english contract are not they run the risk of being overwhelmed in their essential features following the impact with the phenomenon of smart contracts. From this it emerged that the most relevant issue is not so much the urgency of abstractly defining smart contracts or in providing rules to regulate the same through mechanisms of soft law, but in the need to identify ways in which States can counter the effects of unwanted smart contracts or contrary to the fundamental principles of the legal systems. To this end, a patrimonial restitution mechanism has been hypothesized using legal instruments that already exist in the national legal systems compared but also advancing the possibility that the States, the EU or international treaties may decide in the future to integrate the law of contracts by providing for specific rules that are merely aimed at preparing new institutions that allow a settlement mechanism of a sum of money that one part of the smart contract must pay to the others, in order to restore the damage suffered by the latter, in the event that it is not possible to delete or modify the effects of the invalid IT protocol. From the provision of a targeted intervention in this sense, in addition to the preservation of the legal categories already known by national laws, which would be attributable to smart contracts, it would be highlighted what is the actual peculiarity of the IT protocols, that is the self-execution of the same, without the need to eliminate the fundamental role of guaranteeing the justiciability of legal situations that has always been played by States. Finally, however, it was necessary to reiterate that, in the event of invalidity of the protocol, the national judge cannot, as things stand, eliminate or modify the immediate effects of the smart contract, unless the parties decide when writing the protocol to include in it the automatic retractability of its effects upon receipt of a certain input from an oracle, which can convey data even indirectly from the judicial authority. Therefore, the problem remains due to the impossibility of eliminating the effects that have materialized in the digital world as well as those effects that occur in the real world and are the result of the action of the smart contract.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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