This PhD thesis investigates the process of religious socialisation and the construction of cultural belonging to the Islamic community and to the Italian society experienced by young Muslims in the Italian context, in particular in their relationship with the family, imams and religious teachers, schoolmates and peers, associations and social networks. At a theoretical level, the religious socialisation process has been studied mainly by researchers with a Western background on case studies in Western contexts, whose main object of analysis was the Christian-Catholic religion. For this reason, the conceptualisation of this process from the nineteenth century onwards has been characterised by models and approaches based on relational dynamics present in the West (United States and Europe), which in part excluded cultural contexts and religions of other countries from the theorisation. The scarcity of past and current studies on these contexts has stimulated interest in the analysis of Islam in the Italian context, which constitutes a particularly heterogeneous religious minority that has recently formed due to immigration since the 1960s-1970s. The recent formation of Islamic communities, hence the presence of first generation families and second generation children, indicates a particularly relevant moment of integration for Italian society. Understanding on a sociological level how the generations act towards the society of arrival, whether or not they hinder their own inclusion or what kind of dialogue they seek with the authorities and the Italian population, allows us to understand how society is changing and what challenges multiculturalism and religious pluralism is posing. A perspective on these changes can emerge from the analysis of the dynamics and actions implemented by the second generations, who are more included than their parents because their schooling in Italian schools has integrated them culturally. Starting from these premises, how does the socialisation to religion and to the context of the Islamic community and Italian society take place? What are the main resources and challenges that young people, as a bridge generation, are facing? How do the available resources and tools build new identity models linked to belonging to the Italian context and to the Islamic faith? What are the relational dynamics that are changing within the Islamic community and family for a better inclusion? Using some theoretical principles of the relational approach and the mixed methods methodology, we tried to answer these questions. At a methodological and operational level, we analysed the process of construction of the Islamic and cultural identity of young people through 28 semi-structured interviews with young exponents of Islamic associations and organisations aged between 18 and 30; 20 semi-structured interviews with adult exponents of Islamic associations and centres to understand their point of view on the religious education of young people; an online questionnaire (google form) with 132 responses addressed to young Muslims between 18 and 30 years of age, divided into 7 thematic sections; and finally, 4 focus groups, two of which were mixed and two divided by gender, to examine the socialisation process within the family and from a gender perspective. The interviews were analysed through the Nvivo software and the questionnaire data through Spss Statistics. From the analysis carried out it emerges that the relationship between parents and children is the first cognitive approach to Islam, which tends to be based on the teaching of prayers, formulas and simple rituals (socialisation to Islamic practices). When comparing the different experiences of young people, the education received from their parents is particularly heterogeneous and not always thorough and correct with respect to the sacred texts, the Koran and the Sunna. This leads young people to question their belonging to Islam, and parents to be aware of their own educational deficiency and fragility. For this reason, the family directs and introduces the child to socialisation agencies, such as teachers in Koranic schools, religious teachers, friends and Muslim families who, as noted, are points of reference for the young person on his path to spiritual growth and for the family as relational support for their children. From the time they enter secondary school and more intensively during secondary school, as it turned out, the young person begins to form himself autonomously on religion, trying to define himself, his role and his goals by choosing the social agencies with which to deal. It is at this time that the lack of official recognition of citizenship begins to be perceived as a social stigma, to which are added difficulties of integration and acceptance of one's diversity in relationships with other Italians, peers, friends and schoolmates, caused by episodes of racist and islamophobic discrimination. Aware of this condition, young believers try to understand their origins and define their relationship with their faith and the Italian context. In these paths, they discover that they have different visions of Islam and culture, due to the fact that their parents, in socialising them to Islam, had difficulty in distinguishing the religious aspects from the purely cultural ones. For this reason, they seem to be looking towards a common horizon of re-reading their own origins, through the sacred sources (Koran, Sunna), in order to be able to distinguish the religion in its authenticity and the cultural dimension of what has been transmitted to them. The re-reading - or we could say rediscovery under a new criticism - of Islamic culture and religion is undoubtedly a central issue among the believers of the new generations. By making this distinction, according to our analyses, young people understand that the Islamic dimension of their own identity does not conflict with their cultural identity, therefore that they can live as Italian Muslims without breaking the rules of Islam. Finally, the need to define themselves and to deconstruct stereotypes and social prejudices about Islam leads young people to build more defined paths in the public sphere by founding Islamic associations and opening pages and blogs on religion. These spaces become important points of reference for the construction of religious and cultural identity: they can socialise themselves with Islam, resolve doubts and misunderstandings about religion and how it influences daily relational life, organise moments of interreligious dialogue and openness with civil society, and help the Islamic community and local society through humanitarian actions. The sharing of these practices is also aimed at Italian society in order to establish interreligious and intercultural dialogues to understand the new dynamics that multicultural coexistence entails. We can conclude that the concept of religious socialisation, revised in the light of this study on Islamic socialisation, should be reworked considering that, in the contemporary age, factors such as migration can profoundly change the socialisation patterns handed down from generation to generation. Family restructuring, heterogeneous and fragmented upbringing, linguistic and cultural difficulties in inclusion, the scarcity of resources and socialisation tools in the arrival context together with stereotypes and prejudices about Islam influence the actions of communities, especially of those second generations that represent the first fundamental step towards inclusion and self-recognition as Italian citizens.
La presente tesi di dottorato indaga il processo di socializzazione religiosa e la costruzione dell’appartenenza culturale alla comunità islamica e alla società italiana vissuti dai giovani musulmani nel contesto italiano, in particolare nel rapporto con la famiglia, imam e insegnanti di religione, compagni di scuola e pari, associazionismo e social network. A livello teorico, il processo socializzativo religioso è stato studiato prevalentemente da ricercatori con background occidentale su casi di studio in contesti occidentali, che avevano come oggetto di analisi principale la religione cristiano-cattolica. Per tale motivo la concettualizzazione di tale processo dall’Ottocento in poi si è caratterizzata di modelli e approcci basati su dinamiche relazionali presenti in Occidente (Stati Uniti e Europa), che in parte escludevano dalla teorizzazione contesti culturali e religioni di altri paesi. La scarsità di studi passati e attuali su tali contesti ha stimolato l’interesse per l’analisi dell’islam nel contesto italiano che costituisce una minoranza religiosa particolarmente eterogenea e di recente formazione a causa delle immigrazioni a partire dagli anni Sessanta-Settanta. La recente formazione delle comunità islamiche, dunque la presenza di famiglie di prima generazione e di figli di seconda generazione, indica un momento di integrazione particolarmente rilevante per la società italiana. Comprendere a livello sociologico come le generazioni agiscono nei confronti della società di arrivo, se ostacolano o meno la propria inclusione o che tipo di dialogo cercano con le autorità e la popolazione italiana, permette di capire in che modo la società sta cambiando e quali sfide sta ponendo il multiculturalismo e il pluralismo religioso. Una prospettiva su tali cambiamenti può emergere dall’analisi delle dinamiche e azioni messe in atto proprio dalle seconde generazioni, che sono più incluse dei genitori data la scolarizzazione nelle scuole italiane che li ha integrati culturalmente. A partire da tali premesse, come avviene la socializzazione alla religione e al contesto della comunità islamica e della società italiana? Quali sono le principali risorse e sfide che i giovani, come generazione ponte, stanno affrontando? Come le risorse e gli strumenti a disposizione costruiscono nuovi modelli identitari legati all’appartenenza al contesto italiano e alla fede islamica? Quali sono le dinamiche relazionali che stanno cambiando all’interno della comunità e della famiglia islamica ai fini di una migliore inclusione? Utilizzando alcuni principi teorici dell’approccio relazionale e la metodologia mixed methods, abbiamo provato a rispondere a tali domande. A livello metodologico e operativo abbiamo analizzato il processo di costruzione dell’identità islamica e culturale dei ragazzi attraverso 28 interviste semi-strutturate a giovani esponenti di associazioni ed organizzazioni islamiche fra i 18 e i 30 anni; 20 interviste semi-strutturate a esponenti adulti di associazioni e centri islamici per comprendere il loro punto di vista sulla formazione religiosa dei giovani; un questionario in modalità online (google form) con 132 risposte rivolto a giovani musulmani fra i 18 e i 30 anni suddiviso in 7 sezioni tematiche; e infine 4 focus group di cui due misti e due divisi per genere per approfondire il processo socializzativo in ambito familiare e in un’ottica di genere. Le interviste sono state analizzate attraverso il software Nvivo e i dati del questionario attraverso Spss Statistics. Dall’analisi effettuata emerge che il rapporto fra genitori e figli costituisce il primo approccio conoscitivo all’islam tendenzialmente basato sull’insegnamento di preghiere, formule e semplici ritualità (socializzazione alle pratiche islamiche). Nel confronto fra le diverse esperienze giovanili, l’educazione ricevuta dai genitori è particolarmente eterogenea e non sempre approfondita e corretta rispetto ai testi sacri, il Corano e la Sunna. Questo comporta nei giovani una rimessa in discussione della propria appartenenza all’islam e nei genitori la consapevolezza di una propria mancanza e fragilità educativa. Per tale motivo, la famiglia indirizza e introduce il figlio in agenzie di socializzazione, quali maestri in scuole coraniche, insegnanti di religione, amici e famiglie musulmane che, come rilevato, sono dei punti di riferimento per il giovane nel suo percorso di crescita spirituale e per la famiglia come supporto relazionale con i propri figli. A partire dall’ingresso nella scuola media e con più intensa durante la scuola secondaria di secondo livello, come emerso, il giovane inizia autonomamente a formarsi sulla religione, cercando di definire se stesso, il proprio ruolo e i propri obiettivi scegliendo le agenzie socializzative con cui confrontarsi. È in questo momento che la mancanza di un riconoscimento ufficiale di cittadinanza inizia ad essere percepito come uno stigma sociale, a cui si aggiungono difficoltà di integrazione e di accettazione della propria diversità nel rapporto con gli altri italiani, coetanei, amici e compagni di scuola, causati da episodi di discriminazione razzista e islamofobica. Nel confronto, essi scoprono di avere differenti visioni dell’islam e della cultura, a causa del fatto che i genitori nella socializzazione all’islam hanno avuto difficoltà nella distinzione degli aspetti religiosi da quelli prettamente culturali. Per tale motivo, essi sembrano volgere lo sguardo verso un orizzonte comune di rilettura delle proprie origini, attraverso le fonti sacre (Corano, Sunna), per riuscire a distinguere la religione nella sua autenticità e la dimensione culturale di ciò che gli è stato trasmesso. La rilettura – o potremmo dire “riscoperta sotto un nuovo criticismo” – della cultura e religione islamica è senz’altro una questione centrale fra i credenti delle nuove generazioni. Facendo tale distinzione, i giovani comprendono che la dimensione islamica della propria identità non confligge con quella culturale, dunque che possono vivere come musulmani italiani senza infrangere le regole dell’islam. Infine, la necessità di definirsi e di decostruire gli stereotipi e i pregiudizi sociali sull’islam porta i giovani a costruire dei percorsi più definiti nella sfera pubblica fondando associazioni islamiche, aprendo pagine e blog sulla religione. Tali spazi diventano dei punti di riferimento rilevanti la costruzione identitaria religiosa e culturale: possono socializzarsi all’islam, risolvere dubbi e incomprensioni sulla religione e su come questa influenza la vita relazionale quotidiana, organizzare momenti di dialogo interreligioso e di apertura con la società civile, aiutare la comunità islamica e la società locale attraverso azioni umanitarie. Possiamo concludere che il concetto di socializzazione religiosa, rivisto alla luce di questo studio sulla socializzazione islamica, dovrebbe essere rielaborato considerando che, nell'età contemporanea, fattori come le migrazioni possono cambiare profondamente le modalità socializzative tramandate di generazione in generazione. La ristrutturazione familiare, l'educazione eterogenea e frammentaria, le difficoltà linguistiche e culturali nell'inclusione, la scarsità di risorse e strumenti socializzative nel contesto di arrivo uniti a stereotipi e pregiudizi sull'islam influenzano l'agire delle comunità, in particolar modo di quelle seconde generazioni che rappresentano il primo passaggio fondamentale verso l'inclusione e il riconoscimento di sé come cittadini italiani.
Giovani musulmani italiani. Identità, socializzazione religiosa e appartenenza culturale / Crescenti, Martina. - ELETTRONICO. - (2022).
Giovani musulmani italiani. Identità, socializzazione religiosa e appartenenza culturale
CRESCENTI MARTINA
2022-01-01
Abstract
This PhD thesis investigates the process of religious socialisation and the construction of cultural belonging to the Islamic community and to the Italian society experienced by young Muslims in the Italian context, in particular in their relationship with the family, imams and religious teachers, schoolmates and peers, associations and social networks. At a theoretical level, the religious socialisation process has been studied mainly by researchers with a Western background on case studies in Western contexts, whose main object of analysis was the Christian-Catholic religion. For this reason, the conceptualisation of this process from the nineteenth century onwards has been characterised by models and approaches based on relational dynamics present in the West (United States and Europe), which in part excluded cultural contexts and religions of other countries from the theorisation. The scarcity of past and current studies on these contexts has stimulated interest in the analysis of Islam in the Italian context, which constitutes a particularly heterogeneous religious minority that has recently formed due to immigration since the 1960s-1970s. The recent formation of Islamic communities, hence the presence of first generation families and second generation children, indicates a particularly relevant moment of integration for Italian society. Understanding on a sociological level how the generations act towards the society of arrival, whether or not they hinder their own inclusion or what kind of dialogue they seek with the authorities and the Italian population, allows us to understand how society is changing and what challenges multiculturalism and religious pluralism is posing. A perspective on these changes can emerge from the analysis of the dynamics and actions implemented by the second generations, who are more included than their parents because their schooling in Italian schools has integrated them culturally. Starting from these premises, how does the socialisation to religion and to the context of the Islamic community and Italian society take place? What are the main resources and challenges that young people, as a bridge generation, are facing? How do the available resources and tools build new identity models linked to belonging to the Italian context and to the Islamic faith? What are the relational dynamics that are changing within the Islamic community and family for a better inclusion? Using some theoretical principles of the relational approach and the mixed methods methodology, we tried to answer these questions. At a methodological and operational level, we analysed the process of construction of the Islamic and cultural identity of young people through 28 semi-structured interviews with young exponents of Islamic associations and organisations aged between 18 and 30; 20 semi-structured interviews with adult exponents of Islamic associations and centres to understand their point of view on the religious education of young people; an online questionnaire (google form) with 132 responses addressed to young Muslims between 18 and 30 years of age, divided into 7 thematic sections; and finally, 4 focus groups, two of which were mixed and two divided by gender, to examine the socialisation process within the family and from a gender perspective. The interviews were analysed through the Nvivo software and the questionnaire data through Spss Statistics. From the analysis carried out it emerges that the relationship between parents and children is the first cognitive approach to Islam, which tends to be based on the teaching of prayers, formulas and simple rituals (socialisation to Islamic practices). When comparing the different experiences of young people, the education received from their parents is particularly heterogeneous and not always thorough and correct with respect to the sacred texts, the Koran and the Sunna. This leads young people to question their belonging to Islam, and parents to be aware of their own educational deficiency and fragility. For this reason, the family directs and introduces the child to socialisation agencies, such as teachers in Koranic schools, religious teachers, friends and Muslim families who, as noted, are points of reference for the young person on his path to spiritual growth and for the family as relational support for their children. From the time they enter secondary school and more intensively during secondary school, as it turned out, the young person begins to form himself autonomously on religion, trying to define himself, his role and his goals by choosing the social agencies with which to deal. It is at this time that the lack of official recognition of citizenship begins to be perceived as a social stigma, to which are added difficulties of integration and acceptance of one's diversity in relationships with other Italians, peers, friends and schoolmates, caused by episodes of racist and islamophobic discrimination. Aware of this condition, young believers try to understand their origins and define their relationship with their faith and the Italian context. In these paths, they discover that they have different visions of Islam and culture, due to the fact that their parents, in socialising them to Islam, had difficulty in distinguishing the religious aspects from the purely cultural ones. For this reason, they seem to be looking towards a common horizon of re-reading their own origins, through the sacred sources (Koran, Sunna), in order to be able to distinguish the religion in its authenticity and the cultural dimension of what has been transmitted to them. The re-reading - or we could say rediscovery under a new criticism - of Islamic culture and religion is undoubtedly a central issue among the believers of the new generations. By making this distinction, according to our analyses, young people understand that the Islamic dimension of their own identity does not conflict with their cultural identity, therefore that they can live as Italian Muslims without breaking the rules of Islam. Finally, the need to define themselves and to deconstruct stereotypes and social prejudices about Islam leads young people to build more defined paths in the public sphere by founding Islamic associations and opening pages and blogs on religion. These spaces become important points of reference for the construction of religious and cultural identity: they can socialise themselves with Islam, resolve doubts and misunderstandings about religion and how it influences daily relational life, organise moments of interreligious dialogue and openness with civil society, and help the Islamic community and local society through humanitarian actions. The sharing of these practices is also aimed at Italian society in order to establish interreligious and intercultural dialogues to understand the new dynamics that multicultural coexistence entails. We can conclude that the concept of religious socialisation, revised in the light of this study on Islamic socialisation, should be reworked considering that, in the contemporary age, factors such as migration can profoundly change the socialisation patterns handed down from generation to generation. Family restructuring, heterogeneous and fragmented upbringing, linguistic and cultural difficulties in inclusion, the scarcity of resources and socialisation tools in the arrival context together with stereotypes and prejudices about Islam influence the actions of communities, especially of those second generations that represent the first fundamental step towards inclusion and self-recognition as Italian citizens.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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