The thesis is a contribution to the analysis of the political economy of distribution in Sub-Saharan African (henceforth SSA) countries. The sample of the research is the 47 SSA countries for the period 1990 to 2018. The Socio-Political Instability (henceforth SPI) crises constitute one of the greatest problems of African countries. According to the economic literature, these crises, grouped in SPI, are caused by the high level of inequality. The SPI also impacts fiscal policy, and this fiscal policy can reduce income inequality and SPI. The research allows us to relate these three variables (income inequality - SPI - fiscal policy). It also allows us to examine how fiscal policy can overcome income inequality and address the issue of SPI in three chapters. The first chapter constructs the index of SPI using the Principal Component Analysis method. We then estimate the SPI concerning income inequality and democracy. The findings are that assassinations are not linked to a regime's duration, and the duration of a regime reduces if coup d’état (successful or not) are rampant. Between democracy and income inequality, the former has 34 times more impact on SPI. GDP growth increases SPI and education reduces SPI. In the second chapter, the Electoral Budget Cycle (EBC: impact of the electoral cycle on fiscal policy) of SSA countries is analysed. We use a dynamic panel model that we estimate with the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) of Blundell and Bond (1998). We find that the EBC is opportunist for social expenditure and tax revenue. It means that during the election period, social expenditures increase and tax revenue decreases. Rent seeking (profit from non-productive activity, measured here by corruption) has an important place in the EBC. Significant decisions regarding tax revenue and social expenditure are based on rent seeking. Politicians are not intended to be of any general interest, they follow their personal interest, which is the growth of power. The third chapter allows us to verify whether fiscal policy variables (taxes and social expenditures) and democracy reduce income inequality through a linear panel model. The results indicate that the democracy regime reduce very little income inequality in SSA countries (1 per cent). The tax policy increases income inequality, hence it is regressive. More SSA countries become rich, more income inequality increases. In these countries, the distributive policies don’t reduce income inequality but increase it.
La tesi è un contributo all'analisi dell'economia politica di distribuzione nei paesi dell'Africa SubSahariana (d'ora in poi ASS). Il campione della ricerca è costituito dai 47 paesi SSA per il periodo dal 1990 al 2018. Le crisi d’Instabilità Socio-Politica (d'ora in poi ISP) costituiscono uno dei maggiori problemi dei paesi africani. Secondo la letteratura economica, queste crisi, raggruppate in ISP, sono causate dall'elevato livello di disuguaglianza. L’ISP influisce anche sulla politica fiscale e questa politica fiscale può ridurre la disuguaglianza di reddito e l'ISP. La ricerca ci permette di mettere in relazione queste tre variabili (disuguaglianza di reddito - ISP - politica fiscale). Ci consente inoltre di esaminare come la politica fiscale può superare la disuguaglianza di reddito e affrontare la questione dell’ISP in tre capitoli. Il primo capitolo costruisce l'indice d’ISP utilizzando il metodo di analisi dei componenti principali. Stimiamo poi l'ISP relativo alla disuguaglianza di reddito e alla democrazia. I risultati sono che gli omicidi non sono collegati alla durata di un regime e la durata di un regime si riduce se il colpo di stato (riuscito o meno) dilaga. Tra democrazia e disuguaglianza di reddito, la prima ha un impatto 34 volte maggiore su ISP. La crescita del PIL aumenta l'ISP e l'istruzione riduce l'ISP. Nel secondo capitolo, viene analizzato il ciclo del bilancio elettorale (CBE: impatto del ciclo elettorale sulla politica fiscale) dei paesi ASS. Usiamo un modello di pannello dinamico che stimiamo con il Metodo Generalizzato dei Momenti (MGM) di Blundell e Bond (1998). Troviamo che l'CBE è opportunista per le spese sociali e le entrate fiscali. Significa che durante il periodo elettorale le spese sociali aumentano e le entrate fiscali diminuiscono. Il rent seeking (profitto da attività non produttive, misurato qui dalla corruzione) occupa un posto importante nell'CBE. Le decisioni significative riguardanti le entrate fiscali e la spesa sociale si basano sul rent seeking. I politici non sono destinati ad essere di alcun interesse generale, seguono il loro interesse personale, che è la crescita del potere. Il terzo capitolo ci permette di verificare se le variabili di politica fiscale (tasse e spese sociali) e la democrazia riducono la disuguaglianza di reddito attraverso un modello lineare del pannello. I risultati indicano che il regime democratico riduce molto poco la disparità di reddito nei paesi ASS (1%). La politica fiscale aumenta la disparità di reddito, quindi è regressiva. Più paesi ASS diventano rici, più aumenta la disuguaglianza di reddito. In questi paesi, le politiche distributive non riducono la disuguaglianza di reddito ma la aumentano.
INCOME INEQUALITY, SOCIO-POLITICAL INSTABILITY AND FISCAL POLICY IN SSA COUNTRIES
OUALY JEAN MICHEL ROY
2021-01-01
Abstract
The thesis is a contribution to the analysis of the political economy of distribution in Sub-Saharan African (henceforth SSA) countries. The sample of the research is the 47 SSA countries for the period 1990 to 2018. The Socio-Political Instability (henceforth SPI) crises constitute one of the greatest problems of African countries. According to the economic literature, these crises, grouped in SPI, are caused by the high level of inequality. The SPI also impacts fiscal policy, and this fiscal policy can reduce income inequality and SPI. The research allows us to relate these three variables (income inequality - SPI - fiscal policy). It also allows us to examine how fiscal policy can overcome income inequality and address the issue of SPI in three chapters. The first chapter constructs the index of SPI using the Principal Component Analysis method. We then estimate the SPI concerning income inequality and democracy. The findings are that assassinations are not linked to a regime's duration, and the duration of a regime reduces if coup d’état (successful or not) are rampant. Between democracy and income inequality, the former has 34 times more impact on SPI. GDP growth increases SPI and education reduces SPI. In the second chapter, the Electoral Budget Cycle (EBC: impact of the electoral cycle on fiscal policy) of SSA countries is analysed. We use a dynamic panel model that we estimate with the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) of Blundell and Bond (1998). We find that the EBC is opportunist for social expenditure and tax revenue. It means that during the election period, social expenditures increase and tax revenue decreases. Rent seeking (profit from non-productive activity, measured here by corruption) has an important place in the EBC. Significant decisions regarding tax revenue and social expenditure are based on rent seeking. Politicians are not intended to be of any general interest, they follow their personal interest, which is the growth of power. The third chapter allows us to verify whether fiscal policy variables (taxes and social expenditures) and democracy reduce income inequality through a linear panel model. The results indicate that the democracy regime reduce very little income inequality in SSA countries (1 per cent). The tax policy increases income inequality, hence it is regressive. More SSA countries become rich, more income inequality increases. In these countries, the distributive policies don’t reduce income inequality but increase it.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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