Nella crisi più acuta dello Stato italiano (1943-1945), la lotta contro il fascismo influenza il modo di raffigurare il rapporto tra il regime e le masse. Al fine di costruire un’identità collettiva democratica, un legame basato su norme, modelli e conoscenza condivisi, che possano formare lo spazio del “noi”, gli italiani sono posti di fronte alle risposte che i partiti offrono su alcune domande fondamentali: cosa è stato e cosa rappresenta il regime fascista per la nazione italiana e cosa bisogna fare contro di esso. Perciò, il confronto con il fascismo italiano è caratterizzato da un conflitto radicale. Tale fenomeno interessa tutto il paese – ancorché la lotta armata sia distribuita in maniera differente da Nord a Sud – ed è accompagnato dalla costruzione e dalla narrazione di una storia comune. Infatti, Filippo Focardi afferma che «al pari di tutti i grandi conflitti armati (…), anche la seconda guerra mondiale [incide] profondamente sulle memorie individuali e collettive, rivoluzionando paradigmi mentali, raffigurazioni e autoraffigurazioni nazionali». Con la presente indagine si vuole esaminare come viene trasmesso il fascismo dal 25 luglio 1943 al 1945. Ai fini della ricerca, la stampa risulta una fonte privilegiata «in quanto luogo di produzione ideologica e come strumento fondamentale di diffusione delle dinamiche di delegittimazione» e di suggestione sull’opinione pubblica. Dunque, partendo dal presupposto che la stampa è uno tra gli strumenti principali per diffondere le idee politiche durante la guerra civile, vengono approfonditi i temi attraverso cui viene mediato il fascismo negli organi della Democrazia cristiana, del Partito comunista italiano, del Partito socialista e del Partito d’Azione. Non si tratta di un’indagine sulle interpretazioni del fascismo prodotte da vari soggetti politici, ma di una disamina dei giornali come fulcro e fonti della ricerca per approfondire il modo in cui si parla del fascismo nella situazione bellica e politicamente conflittuale dell’Italia. Quindi, non rientra tra le priorità dell’indagine il livello teorico e pubblicistico dei giornali, lo sviluppo della strategia politica e militare e nemmeno la cerchia dei lettori. Oggetto dell’analisi sono i discorsi utilizzati per interpretare l’evento del 25 luglio e per contrastare l’istituto monarchico, che contribuiscono a creare l’immagine del fascismo come nemico della democrazia allo scopo di influenzare l’opinione pubblica nella situazione politica e sociale. Pertanto, al lavoro di ricerca si è dato una struttura che poggia su una ricostruzione storico-politica, ove questioni di carattere ideologico, culturale e mediatico interagiscono sullo sfondo degli sviluppi storici come fattori di cambiamento nella società italiana. La scelta di analizzare gli organi di stampa e la comprensione del loro storytelling politico rappresentano il tentativo di aggiungere un nuovo tassello nello stato degli studi per illuminare i costrutti narrativi della dialettica conflittuale tra fascismo e democrazia.
The struggle against fascism, in the most acute crisis of the Italian State (1943-1945), is capable to influence the way of depicting the relationship between the regime and the masses. To build a democratic identity and a set of rules which can form the “common” space, in the press of the anti-fascist parties is developed a mode of communication that is ideal and based on shared norms, values and knowledge. Therefore, the anti-fascist parties give some fundamental answers on crucial questions to Italians, such as: what has been and represents the fascist regime for the Italian nation and what needs to be done against it. The confrontation over this issue generates a political radical conflict. Indeed, the phenomenon of the civil war affects the whole country - even if the northern and southern parts of Italy are involved differently in the armed conflict - and corresponds to the creation of a common perspective on the past and future. Filippo Focardi affirms that "like all the great armed conflicts (...), even the Second World War [affects] deeply on individual and collective memories, revolutionizing mental paradigms, depictions and national self-representations". The main object of this investigation is the examination of the way is mediated and transmitted fascism in the anti-fascist press from 25 July 1943 to 1945. The press is a privileged source for the purposes of research whereas it assumes the function of an ideological space and a fundamental tool for spreading the dynamics of delegitimization in order to influence public opinion. Moreover, as a mass media communication, the press represents an essential instrument that can reveal themes, ideas, information, images and stories. Thus, the research starts from the assumption that the journals are the primary sources for spreading political ideas during the civil war and for this reason aims to explain what kind of themes are used to mediate fascism in the party press organs of Christian Democracy, Italian Communist Party, Socialist Party and Action Party. It is not a survey on the interpretations of fascism produced by various political subjects but an examination of newspapers as a fulcrum of researching on the way is spoken about fascism during a politically conflictual and war situation. This means that are not priorities of the survey the publicist level of the newspapers, the theoretical constructs, the political and military strategy of political parties, nor the circle of readers. In fact, subject of the analysis is made the speeches used to interpret the event of 25 July and to counter the monarchist institution. Those discourses are employed in order to influence public opinion elaborating the image of fascism as an enemy of democracy. Thence, each argument structure gives special weight to historical-political reconstruction, combining ideological, cultural and media issues as factors of change in Italian society. Finally, understanding the political storytelling represents the attempt to add a new light in the state of studies around the narrative constructs which illuminate the conflictual dialectic between fascism and democracy.
Il nemico della democrazia Il fascismo raccontato dalla stampa antifascista / Carkaj, Violeta. - CD-ROM. - (2019).
Il nemico della democrazia Il fascismo raccontato dalla stampa antifascista
Carkaj Violeta
2019-01-01
Abstract
The struggle against fascism, in the most acute crisis of the Italian State (1943-1945), is capable to influence the way of depicting the relationship between the regime and the masses. To build a democratic identity and a set of rules which can form the “common” space, in the press of the anti-fascist parties is developed a mode of communication that is ideal and based on shared norms, values and knowledge. Therefore, the anti-fascist parties give some fundamental answers on crucial questions to Italians, such as: what has been and represents the fascist regime for the Italian nation and what needs to be done against it. The confrontation over this issue generates a political radical conflict. Indeed, the phenomenon of the civil war affects the whole country - even if the northern and southern parts of Italy are involved differently in the armed conflict - and corresponds to the creation of a common perspective on the past and future. Filippo Focardi affirms that "like all the great armed conflicts (...), even the Second World War [affects] deeply on individual and collective memories, revolutionizing mental paradigms, depictions and national self-representations". The main object of this investigation is the examination of the way is mediated and transmitted fascism in the anti-fascist press from 25 July 1943 to 1945. The press is a privileged source for the purposes of research whereas it assumes the function of an ideological space and a fundamental tool for spreading the dynamics of delegitimization in order to influence public opinion. Moreover, as a mass media communication, the press represents an essential instrument that can reveal themes, ideas, information, images and stories. Thus, the research starts from the assumption that the journals are the primary sources for spreading political ideas during the civil war and for this reason aims to explain what kind of themes are used to mediate fascism in the party press organs of Christian Democracy, Italian Communist Party, Socialist Party and Action Party. It is not a survey on the interpretations of fascism produced by various political subjects but an examination of newspapers as a fulcrum of researching on the way is spoken about fascism during a politically conflictual and war situation. This means that are not priorities of the survey the publicist level of the newspapers, the theoretical constructs, the political and military strategy of political parties, nor the circle of readers. In fact, subject of the analysis is made the speeches used to interpret the event of 25 July and to counter the monarchist institution. Those discourses are employed in order to influence public opinion elaborating the image of fascism as an enemy of democracy. Thence, each argument structure gives special weight to historical-political reconstruction, combining ideological, cultural and media issues as factors of change in Italian society. Finally, understanding the political storytelling represents the attempt to add a new light in the state of studies around the narrative constructs which illuminate the conflictual dialectic between fascism and democracy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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