Il presente studio, intitolato “Tra filologia e antropologia del testo. Usi e implicazioni del folklore nel Roman de Renart”, si propone di esplorare le modalità con cui la cultura folklorica interviene nella composizione delle branches del Roman de Renart. La tesi di fondo è che l’adozione di particolari motivi folklorici non consista in una loro passiva riproposizione in forma “renardizzata”, ma che questi vengano selezionati e adattati secondo l’interesse precipuo dei narratori, i quali esprimono – chi più, chi meno consapevolmente – le istanze di una cultura laica feudale che proprio nel folklore trova uno strumento per emanciparsi dall’egemonia della concorrente cultura ecclesiastica. Questo, dunque, rimane il nucleo imprescindibile di ogni narrazione renardiana e il vero oggetto d’indagine cui rivolgersi per comprendere intimamente i meccanismi che hanno sovrinteso alla creazione e alla fortuna dei racconti della volpe. Per indagarlo, ci si avvale del supporto di strumenti critici mutuati dall’antropologia e dall’etnografia, considerati i soli utili a comprendere le motivazioni che hanno portato alla scelta di specifici personaggi e intrecci, tra i tanti che il repertorio folklorico offriva. Se, infatti, l’individuazione nei testi dei molteplici livelli di cultura che li animano, primo fra tutti quello afferente alla tradizione orale, chiama in causa il dialogismo postulato da Bachtin, l’adozione stessa del personaggio del trickster, quale è la volpe Renart, si spiega alla luce della visione carnevalesca del mondo che questo archetipo letterario veicola, e che gli autori e il pubblico delle branches desideravano propagandare. Allo stesso modo, i tratti della lupa Hersent vengono ricondotti, in questa sede, a un particolare archetipo del Femminile, cui la lega una serie di “somiglianze di famiglia” ch’essa condivide con altri personaggi femminili afferenti alla figura della maga, della vetula o della mezzana e che, come il Briccone, esprime una visione del mondo di chiara matrice popolare. Qui come altrove, la validità dell’interpretazione proposta è fondata soprattutto sul ricorso a un metodo comparativo, in accordo con il quale ci si affida, tra i molti altri, ai materiali e ai metodi forniti da Vladimir Propp ed Eleazar Meletinskij, di cui si condivide l’approccio storicistico. Lo studio è formalmente suddiviso in due macro-sezioni, di cui la prima coinvolge trasversalmente tutte le branches, per rintracciare alcuni di quei denominatori comuni che hanno permesso di ascrivere coerentemente i vari testi (tra loro diversi per cronologia, grado di autorialità e orientamento culturale) a un comune “roman de Renart”. Si tratta, ovviamente, in primo luogo degli animali protagonisti, tra i quali, per i motivi suddetti, si privilegiano la volpe Renart e la lupa Hersent; dopo i personaggi, il successivo oggetto d’indagine è un luogo, l’unico che, oltre alla corte del re, conserva una propria fisionomia stabile nelle varie branches, ovvero Malpertuis, la dimora di Renart. Anche questo è un elemento altamente informativo della percezione che autore e pubblico hanno del suo abitatore, poiché il simbolismo che lo circonda lo rende a tutti gli effetti un luogo liminare, interdetto a chiunque provi ad avvicinarvisi, in aperta antitesi all’unico grande polo di socialità del Roman, cioè la corte. La seconda sezione della tesi verifica gli assunti generali applicando l’analisi a tre branches: la III (Renart et les anguilles), la XIII (Renart le noir) e la XVII (La mort et procession Renart), scelte come campioni rappresentativi dei principali modi di composizione dei testi renardiani. Si postula, infatti, che il ricorso al repertorio folklorico possa produrre idealmente tre tipologie di racconti, ovvero quelli consistenti in riadattamenti di intrecci noti dalla tradizione orale, ed è il caso della branche III; quelli consistenti in rielaborazioni inedite di tali intrecci, ed è il caso della morte della volpe nella branche XVII; quelli, infine, creati ex novo, nei quali il materiale folklorico è presente solo in maniera riflessa, come accade nella branche XIII. Nel primo capitolo si ricostruisce la trafila evolutiva dei due racconti che formano l’ossatura della branche III, prima propagatisi oralmente e poi “renardizzati”, per appurare l’estrema disinvoltura con cui, sia nel corso della loro propagazione sia poi nel testo della branche, vengono modificati per adattarsi all’esigenze narrative di chi li tramanda, che si tratti delle comunità presso cui circolano o dell’autore che le fissa per iscritto. Nel secondo capitolo, dedicato alla branche XIII, si esplora puntualmente il testo del récit per osservare come, in questa branche scritta da un autore tardo, gli elementi folklorici compaiano ormai in maniera riflessa, vale a dire che la loro presenza non è tanto volontariamente ricercata quanto “accidentale”, dovuta al fatto che sono stati ereditati insieme agli intrecci delle precedenti branches che l’autore emula. Dal discorso non esula neanche il motivo del travestimento, che in questo racconto funge da leitmotiv dell’intera vicenda, il quale è anch’esso depauperato delle sue originarie implicazioni folkloriche, per sostenere un’equazione tutta interna a un simbolismo cristianeggiante, tra la tintura nera con cui si camuffa Renart e la sua equiparazione a un demonio. D’altro canto, la possibilità stessa che tale equazione sia ammissibile conferma indirettamente la vocazione bricconesca di Renart e l’accordo di autore e pubblico su quest’ultima, nonché sul sentimento profondamente perturbante che il personaggio della volpe doveva suscitare nell’immaginario collettivo. Chiude il capitolo un confronto tra la versione vulgata della branche (quella riportata nell’edizione di riferimento, di Ernest Martin) e quella, vistosamente divergente in più punti, ospitata nel manoscritto 3334 della Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal di Parigi, siglato H. L’ultima analisi è riservata al racconto della morte della volpe, i cui già noti legami con la tradizione folklorica e ritualistica vengono estesi a una particolare tipologia di feste agrarie, quelle riguardanti la morte e la rinascita del Carnevale, proponendo che l’autore della branche XVII segua proprio la falsariga di questi specifici riti stagionali nella sua descrizione della triplice finta morte di Renart, forse, si suggerisce infine, prendendo spunto da cortei e celebrazioni concretamente inscenati ancora ai suoi tempi.
This study, entitled “Between philology and textual anthropology. Uses and implications of the folklore in the Roman de Renart”, aims at exploring the ways in which folk culture is involved in the composition of the branches of the Roman de Renart. The basic thesis is that the use of particular folkloric motifs does not consist in a passive, “Renardized” representation, but that these are selected and adapted following the peculiar interest of the narrators, who express – more or less consciously – the values of a feudal secular culture that precisely finds in folklore a tool to emancipate itself from the hegemony of a competing ecclesiastical culture. This, therefore, remains the essential core of every Renardian fiction and the real object of investigation to be followed to deeply understand the mechanisms that have overseen the creation and fortune of the fox tales. In order to approach it, this work makes use of the support of critical insights provided by anthropology and ethnography, as the only suitable sciences to understand why certain characters and plots have been chosen, among the many that the folk repertoire offered. In fact, if the identification in the texts of the multiple layers of culture that animate them, first of all the one that comes back to the oral tradition, calls into question the dialogism postulated by Bachtin, the very adoption of the character of the Trickster, as Renart is, finds an explanation in the light of a world carnival vision that this literary archetype conveys, and that the authors and the audience of the branches wished to propagate. In the same way, in this study, the characteristics of Hersent, the she-wolf, are led back to a specifical archetype of the Feminine, to which she is bounded by a series of “family resemblance” she shares with other female characters, related to the image of the sorceress, the vetula or the go-between who, like the Trickster, expresses a vision of the world of clear popular matrix. Here as elsewhere, the validity of the proposed interpretations is based, above all, on the use of a comparative method, according to which the study relies, among many others, on the materials and methods provided by Vladimir Propp and Eleazar Meletinsky, whose historicist approach has been followed. The study is formally subdivided in two macro-sections of whom the first involves transversally all the branches, in order to trace some of those common denominators that have allowed to consistently ascribe the various texts (different in chronology, degree of authorship and cultural orientation) to a common “roman de Renart”. Obviously, in the first place this is about the main characters, i.e. the animals among which, for the reasons mentioned above, the fox Renart and the she-wolf Hersent have been favored; after the characters, the subsequent object of investigation is a place, the only one that, in addition to the court of the king, retains its own stable physiognomy in the various branches, that is to say Malpertuis, Renart’s home. This too is a highly informative element of the perception that author and audience have of its inhabitant, since the symbolism that surrounds it makes it a fully-fledge liminal place, forbidden to whoever tries to approach it, in open antithesis to the only big social pole of the Roman, that is the royal court. The second section of the thesis verifies the general assumptions by applying the analysis to three branches: the III (Renart et les anguilles), the XIII (Renart le noir) and the XVII (La mort et procession Renart), chosen as representative samples of the main modes of composition of Renardian texts. The postulate is that the recourse to the folkloric repertoire can ideally produce three types of stories, that is: those consisting in readjustments of plots known from the oral tradition, and this is the case of branche III; those consisting in new reworkings of such plots, and this is the case of the death of the fox in the branche XVII; those, finally, created ex novo, in which the folkloric material is present only in a reflected manner, as it happens in the branche XIII. In the first chapter, il is displayed the evolutionary pattern of the two stories that form the skeleton of the branche III, first propagated orally and then “Renardized”, to ascertain the extreme ease with which, first in the course of their propagation and then in the text of the branche, they are modified to be adapted to the narrative needs of those who have passed them on, whether the communities in which they circulated or the author who set them in writing. In the second chapter, consecrated to branche XIII, it is punctually explored the text of the récit to observe how, in this branche written by a late author, the folkloric elements appear in a reflected manner by now, that is to say that their presence is not so much voluntarily sought as an “accidental” presence, because they were inherited together with the plots of the previous branches that the author emulates. The motif of the disguise, which serves as the leitmotiv of the whole story, is also deprived of its original folkloric implications, to support an equation entirely internal to a Christian symbolism, between the black dye with which Renart camouflages himself and his equating to a demon. On the other hand, the very possibility that this equation is admissible indirectly confirms Renart’s trickster vocation and the author and audience agreement on this, as well as on the deeply disturbing feeling that the character of the fox had to arise in the collective imagination. The chapter closes with a comparison between the vulgate version of the branche (the one reported in the reference edition by Ernest Martin) and the one, conspicuously divergent in several points, hosted in Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal manuscript 3334 in Paris, signed H. The last analysis is related to to the story about the death of the fox, whose already known connection with the folkloric and ritualistic tradition has been extended here to a particular type of rural ceremonies, concerning the death and rebirth of the Carnival, proposing that the author of branche XVII follows precisely the framework of these specific seasonal rites in his description of the triple fake death of Renart. Perhaps, taking inspiration from processions and celebrations still staged in his time.
Tra filologia e antropologia del testo. Usi e implicazioni del folklore nel Roman de Renart / DE SOCIO, Mauro. - CD-ROM. - (2021).
Tra filologia e antropologia del testo. Usi e implicazioni del folklore nel Roman de Renart
De Socio Mauro
2021-01-01
Abstract
This study, entitled “Between philology and textual anthropology. Uses and implications of the folklore in the Roman de Renart”, aims at exploring the ways in which folk culture is involved in the composition of the branches of the Roman de Renart. The basic thesis is that the use of particular folkloric motifs does not consist in a passive, “Renardized” representation, but that these are selected and adapted following the peculiar interest of the narrators, who express – more or less consciously – the values of a feudal secular culture that precisely finds in folklore a tool to emancipate itself from the hegemony of a competing ecclesiastical culture. This, therefore, remains the essential core of every Renardian fiction and the real object of investigation to be followed to deeply understand the mechanisms that have overseen the creation and fortune of the fox tales. In order to approach it, this work makes use of the support of critical insights provided by anthropology and ethnography, as the only suitable sciences to understand why certain characters and plots have been chosen, among the many that the folk repertoire offered. In fact, if the identification in the texts of the multiple layers of culture that animate them, first of all the one that comes back to the oral tradition, calls into question the dialogism postulated by Bachtin, the very adoption of the character of the Trickster, as Renart is, finds an explanation in the light of a world carnival vision that this literary archetype conveys, and that the authors and the audience of the branches wished to propagate. In the same way, in this study, the characteristics of Hersent, the she-wolf, are led back to a specifical archetype of the Feminine, to which she is bounded by a series of “family resemblance” she shares with other female characters, related to the image of the sorceress, the vetula or the go-between who, like the Trickster, expresses a vision of the world of clear popular matrix. Here as elsewhere, the validity of the proposed interpretations is based, above all, on the use of a comparative method, according to which the study relies, among many others, on the materials and methods provided by Vladimir Propp and Eleazar Meletinsky, whose historicist approach has been followed. The study is formally subdivided in two macro-sections of whom the first involves transversally all the branches, in order to trace some of those common denominators that have allowed to consistently ascribe the various texts (different in chronology, degree of authorship and cultural orientation) to a common “roman de Renart”. Obviously, in the first place this is about the main characters, i.e. the animals among which, for the reasons mentioned above, the fox Renart and the she-wolf Hersent have been favored; after the characters, the subsequent object of investigation is a place, the only one that, in addition to the court of the king, retains its own stable physiognomy in the various branches, that is to say Malpertuis, Renart’s home. This too is a highly informative element of the perception that author and audience have of its inhabitant, since the symbolism that surrounds it makes it a fully-fledge liminal place, forbidden to whoever tries to approach it, in open antithesis to the only big social pole of the Roman, that is the royal court. The second section of the thesis verifies the general assumptions by applying the analysis to three branches: the III (Renart et les anguilles), the XIII (Renart le noir) and the XVII (La mort et procession Renart), chosen as representative samples of the main modes of composition of Renardian texts. The postulate is that the recourse to the folkloric repertoire can ideally produce three types of stories, that is: those consisting in readjustments of plots known from the oral tradition, and this is the case of branche III; those consisting in new reworkings of such plots, and this is the case of the death of the fox in the branche XVII; those, finally, created ex novo, in which the folkloric material is present only in a reflected manner, as it happens in the branche XIII. In the first chapter, il is displayed the evolutionary pattern of the two stories that form the skeleton of the branche III, first propagated orally and then “Renardized”, to ascertain the extreme ease with which, first in the course of their propagation and then in the text of the branche, they are modified to be adapted to the narrative needs of those who have passed them on, whether the communities in which they circulated or the author who set them in writing. In the second chapter, consecrated to branche XIII, it is punctually explored the text of the récit to observe how, in this branche written by a late author, the folkloric elements appear in a reflected manner by now, that is to say that their presence is not so much voluntarily sought as an “accidental” presence, because they were inherited together with the plots of the previous branches that the author emulates. The motif of the disguise, which serves as the leitmotiv of the whole story, is also deprived of its original folkloric implications, to support an equation entirely internal to a Christian symbolism, between the black dye with which Renart camouflages himself and his equating to a demon. On the other hand, the very possibility that this equation is admissible indirectly confirms Renart’s trickster vocation and the author and audience agreement on this, as well as on the deeply disturbing feeling that the character of the fox had to arise in the collective imagination. The chapter closes with a comparison between the vulgate version of the branche (the one reported in the reference edition by Ernest Martin) and the one, conspicuously divergent in several points, hosted in Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal manuscript 3334 in Paris, signed H. The last analysis is related to to the story about the death of the fox, whose already known connection with the folkloric and ritualistic tradition has been extended here to a particular type of rural ceremonies, concerning the death and rebirth of the Carnival, proposing that the author of branche XVII follows precisely the framework of these specific seasonal rites in his description of the triple fake death of Renart. Perhaps, taking inspiration from processions and celebrations still staged in his time.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
de_ Socio_Tesi.pdf
accesso aperto
Descrizione: tesi di dottorato
Tipologia:
Documento in post-print (versione successiva alla peer review e accettata per la pubblicazione)
Licenza:
Creative commons
Dimensione
2.89 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.89 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.