The contract, as an expression of private autonomy, is the act of a will, aimed at and authorized to pursue its own purpose which the legal system deems worthy of protection . In particular, pursuant to art. 1321 of the Civil Code, << the contract is the agreement between two or more parties to establish, regulate or extinguish between them a patrimonial legal relationship >>. Through the contract, people (be they physical or juridical), mutually affect their own juridical sphere to satisfy even non-patrimonial interests, but deliberately producing legal or pre-established effects or however admitted by the legal system. The contractual matter, as governed by the civil code, was inspired by the dogma of will, a manifestation of liberal economic thought, although limited, on the one hand, by the need to guarantee the certainty of legal effects, and on the other hand, by the opportunity to protect interests considered "superior" because of collective relevance (or rather, at that time, corporate). On the other hand, the approach to contractual matters and, more generally, negotiation has changed profoundly over time, due to the affirmation of principles different from freedom or autonomy of negotiation and always having plus the effect of balancing and limiting the aforementioned freedom (the reference is above all, even if not only, to the principle of good faith and correctness, such as variations of the principle of solidarity under Article 2 of the Constitution). The evolution of this tendency makes actual the interest in speculation the subject of the present work: to understand if, on the basis of which institutions, and in what way and extent, the Judge can exercise a power to verify the economic balance of the contract and with which remedial instruments. In this regard, the present work "starts" from a "basic" idea that the c.d. negotiation freedom or autonomy, in contractual matters, meets an ontological limit: the meeting between the wills necessarily implies that they are not fully free in the sense that each individual part cannot maximize its own interest except in the limits in which that corresponds to the maximization of the interests of the other contractor. In the case of onerous contracts with corresponding or synallagmatic services this aspect necessarily implies that the freedom of negotiation of each contractor is guaranteed to the extent that it respects the possibility for both parties to maximize their own interest by affecting necessarily, therefore, on the scope of that of others, limiting it. But on closer inspection, a problem of limits and counter-limits dictated by the presence of different interests may well be envisaged also in the context of free contracts and even for donations. The dynamics of the expression of negotiating freedom, therefore, is evidently complex because it needs to distinguish between onerous and free contracts, within the onerous contracts between those with corresponding services and those with common purpose, within those not onerous between free in the strict sense and contracts signed in a spirit of generosity. On the other hand, although certainly to a different extent, the internal ontological limit of "other people's interest" makes us understand how, net of all the other "external" limits, interposed, that is, from the legal order, which we will be able to discuss, when dealing with the issue of judicial union on the economic balance of the contract, which necessarily intercepts the principle of freedom and private autonomy, "absolutist" approaches are not allowed. For the same reason, therefore, the problem of safeguarding private autonomy cannot be regarded as a reference point, assuming that its integrity is such an absolute value that it prevents or unduly restricts the order, and for it all 'Judicial Authority, a union on the congruity of the terms of trade, this being the goal of a search that in the positive data must find a confirmation and not a starting point. Not only that, but the boundaries of a principle like that of private autonomy inevitably suffer from the historical moment and the conceptual evolution of the institutions of the order, as emerging from the supervening legislation, and from the interpretation and application of those who are called to decide the pathology of the contractual relationship, or rather the Judges. In particular, when the contractual relationship enters its "pathological phase" (i.e. the non-implementation or incorrect implementation of the contractual program) the principle of autonomy and freedom of negotiation / contract comes to confront the Authority's assessment and decision-making power Judicial whose task is not simple to understand and evaluate the contents of the expression of this freedom, the lack of defects or defects of the will, according to the order, for the purposes of education and amendment of the contract, the correspondence of such contents to interests worthy of protection for the arrangement and, therefore, also the non-opposition of the same to the precepts and principles emerging from the system, and finally the understanding and evaluation of the behaviors held by the parties before, during and after the stipulation of the contract. All this in order to respond to normally opposed protection needs for the reasons mentioned above. The discipline of the contract, at every stage, from training to execution, today appears to be characterized by the significant presence of the jurisdiction, based on the verification and control of the justice / fairness of the negotiating relations between the parties, and therefore guarantee of fundamental human rights. Specifically, since it is a question of "economic juridical relations" and in the onerous contracts the economic interest is reciprocal, the problem of the self inevitably arises and to what extent the Judge can review the economic equilibrium of the negotiation operation, thereby both the problem of the proportion between the "qualifying" services the contract by the stipulated parties, and the overall balance of the contractual operation, it being understood that, as will be said, discussing the distinction between so-called economic equilibrium and regulatory balance, beyond specific legal provisions that contemplate this distinction, does not seem entirely correct and functional, because, normally, if not always, to a disproportion of rights and obligations corresponds as reflected, an overall economic disproportion of the negotiation operation. Because it is not disputed that, as he had the opportunity to write, in the grounds of a judgment of 1865, the English judge Sir George Jessel, "if there is one thing that the public interest requires more than any other, it is that mature and conscious men must have the maximum freedom to bargain, and that their contracts must be made respect by the courts ", but since this freedom to negotiate so far can be protected because it allows both parties to maximize their own interest (economic and non-economic) balanced with that of the other, the difficult operation assigned to the evaluation of the Judge is that to understand when such balancing presents or not elements of unjustified disproportion and consequently determines a violation of the same contractual freedom. Therefore, with the present work, analyzed, also from a historical point of view, a series of relevant principles and institutes, we will proceed to verify if, to what extent and with what procedural means is given to the Judge to be able to review the economic balance of the contract. In fact, it is emphasized by someone that from the protection of the autonomy and freedom of negotiation of private individuals, we have a transition to the penetrating judicial control of the clauses and contents of the contract. And this thanks to of the invention, on the part of the jurisprudence, of a series of remedial operations against inequities or asymmetries, due to the position of privilege or pre-eminence, or from the advantage of the weak position of the counterpart. The judge is asked, through the request of the most vulnerable party, to bring order, reduce to fairness and a more wise balance the unjust situations that hide in the clauses of the contract. Even the weakest company on the market turns to the judge, denouncing asymmetric claims and asking to verify if they are the result of the privileged or dominant position of the counterpart. It will therefore be the task of the interpreter in the present work to understand how and to what extent the judge's union can penetrate and whether this is possible even where there is no hypothesis of weakness or significant contractual asymmetry, obviously after giving concrete content to these last concepts. The concept of "injustice" will not be used deliberately because it is believed that this term refers to even ethical categories which, have no bearing on the case in question.
Il contratto, quale negozio giuridico, espressione di autonomia privata, è l’atto di una volontà, indirizzata e autorizzata a perseguire un suo scopo che l’ordinamento reputa meritevole di tutela . In particolare, ai sensi dell’art. 1321 c.c., <>. Attraverso il contratto le persone (fisiche o giuridiche che siano), concordemente, incidono reciprocamente sulla propria sfera giuridica per la soddisfazione di interessi anche non patrimoniali, ma producendo, volutamente, effetti giuridici o prestabiliti o comunque ammessi dall’ordinamento. La materia contrattuale, per come disciplinata del codice civile, nasce ispirata al dogma della volontà, manifestazione del pensiero liberistico in economica, ancorchè limitato, da lato, dalla necessità di garantire la certezza dei traffici giuridici, e dall’altro lato, dall’opportunità di tutelare interessi ritenuti “superiori” perché di rilevanza collettiva (o meglio, per l’epoca, corporativistica). D’altronde, l’approccio alla materia contrattuale e più in generale negoziale è profondamente mutato nel corso del tempo, per l’affermarsi di principi diversi dalla libertà o autonomia negoziale e aventi sempre più l’effetto di bilanciamento e limitazione della predetta libertà (il riferimento è soprattutto, anche se non solo, al principio di buona fede e correttezza, quali declinazioni del principio di solidarietà ex art. 2 Cost.). Proprio l’evoluzione di questa tendenza, rende attuale l’interesse per la speculazione oggetto del presente lavoro: verificare se, sulla scorta quali istituti, e in quale modo e misura, il Giudice possa esercitare un sindacato sull’equilibrio economico del contratto e con quali strumenti rimediali. Al riguardo, il presente lavoro ”parte” da una considerazione, per così dire, “di base”, ovvero che la c.d. libertà o autonomia negoziale, in materia contrattuale, incontra un limite di natura ontologica: l’incontro tra le volontà comporta necessariamente che queste ultime non siano pienamente libere nel senso che ciascuna singola parte non può massimizzare il proprio interesse se non nei limiti in cui ciò corrisponda alla massimizzazione degli interessi dell’altro contraente. Nel caso di contratti onerosi a prestazioni corrispettive o sinallagmatici questo aspetto comporta necessariamente che la libertà negoziale di ciascun contraente sia garantita nella misura in cui rispetta la possibilità per entrambe le parti di massimizzare il proprio interesse influendo necessariamente, quindi, sulla portata di quello altrui, limitandolo. Ma a ben vedere un problema di limiti e controlimiti dettato dalla presenza di interessi differenti può ben prospettarsi anche nell’ambito dei contratti gratuiti e persino con causa di liberalità. La dinamica dell’espressione della libertà negoziale, quindi, è evidentemente complessa perché necessita di distinguere tra contratti onerosi e gratuiti, all’interno dei contratti onerosi tra quelli a prestazioni corrispettive e quelli con comunanza di scopo, all’interno di quelli non onerosi tra gratuiti in senso proprio e contratti stipulati con spirito di liberalità. Seppure in misura certamente diversa, d’altronde, il limite ontologico interno dell’”altrui interesse” fa comprendere come, al netto di tutti gli altri limiti “esterni”, frapposti, cioè dall’ordinamento giuridico, di cui si avrà modo di discorrere, quando si affronta il tema del sindacato giudiziale sull’equilibrio economico del contratto, che intercetta necessariamente il principio di libertà e autonomia privata, non sono ammessi approcci “assolutisti”. Per questo stesso motivo, quindi, il problema della salvaguardia dell’autonomia privata non può porsi come dato su cui far perno, dando per scontato che la sua integrità sia un valore tanto assoluto da impedire o restringere indebitamente all’ordinamento, e per esso all’Autorità Giudiziaria, un sindacato sulla congruità delle ragioni di scambio, questo essendo il traguardo di una ricerca che nel dato positivo deve trovare una conferma e non un punto di partenza. Non solo, ma i confini di un principio come quello dell’autonomia privata inevitabilmente risentono del momento storico e dell’evoluzione concettuale degli istituti dell’ordinamento, così come emergenti dalla normativa sopravvenuta, e dalla interpretazione e applicazione di coloro che sono chiamati a decidere la patologia del rapporto contrattuale, ovvero proprio i Giudici. In particolare, quando il rapporto contrattuale entra nella sua “fase patologica” (ovvero la non attuazione o non corretta attuazione del programma contrattuale) il principio dell’autonomia e libertà negoziale/contrattuale viene a confrontarsi con il potere di accertamento e decisionale dell’Autorità Giudiziaria il cui non semplice compito è quello di comprendere e valutare i contenuti dell’espressione di tale libertà, la mancanza di vizi o difetti della volontà rilevanti, secondo l’ordinamento, ai fini della caducazione e emenda del contratto, la rispondenza di tali contenuti ad interessi meritevoli di tutela per l’ordinamento e, quindi, anche la non contrarietà degli stessi ai precetti e principi emergenti dall’ordinamento, ed infine la comprensione e valutazione dei comportamenti tenuti dalle parti prima, durante e dopo la stipula del contratto. Tutto ciò al fine di dare risposta a esigenze di tutela normalmente contrapposte per le ragioni sopra dette. La disciplina del contratto, in ogni sua fase, dalla formazione all’esecuzione, appare oggi caratterizzata dalla presenza pregnante e significativa della giurisdizione, in funzione della verifica e del controllo della giustizia/equità dell’assetto dei rapporti negoziali tra le parti, e perciò di garanzia dei diritti fondamentali della persona. Nello specifico, poiché si tratta di “rapporti giuridici economici” e nei contratti onerosi l’interesse economico è reciproco, inevitabilmente si pone il problema del sé e in che misura il Giudice possa sindacare l’equilibrio economico dell’operazione negoziale, con ciò considerando tanto il problema della proporzione tra le prestazioni “qualificanti” il contratto dalle parti stipulato, quanto l’equilibrio complessivo dell’operazione contrattuale, fermo restando che, come si dirà, discettare della distinzione tra c.d. equilibrio economico e c.d. equilibrio normativo, al di là di specifiche previsioni di legge che contemplano tale distinzione, non pare del tutto corretto e funzionale, posto che, normalmente, se non sempre, ad una sproporzione di diritti ed obblighi corrisponde quale riflesso, una sproporzione economica complessiva dell’operazione negoziale. Premesso che non si contesta il fatto che, come aveva modo di scrivere, nella motivazione di una sentenza del 1865, il giudice inglese sir George Jessel, “se vi è una cosa che l’interesse pubblico richiede più di ogni altra, essa è che gli uomini maturi e consapevoli devono avere la massima libertà di contrattare, e che i loro contratti devono essere fatti rispettare dai tribunali” , ma poiché questa libertà di contrattare in tanto è tutelabile in quanto consenta ad entrambi i contraenti di massimizzare il proprio interesse (economico e non economico) bilanciato con quello dell’altro, la difficile operazione demandata alla valutazione del Giudice è quella di comprendere quando tale bilanciamento presenti o meno degli elementi di ingiustificata sproporzione e conseguentemente determini una violazione della libertà contrattuale medesima. Pertanto, con il presente lavoro, analizzata, anche da un punto di vista storico, una serie di principi ed istituti rilevanti, si procederà a verificare se, in che misura e con quali mezzi processuali sia dato al Giudice di poter sindacare l’equilibrio economico del contratto. Come si avrà modo si esaminare nel prosieguo, infatti, viene da alcuni sottolineato come sia in atto un fenomeno di transizione dalla tutela tout court dell’autonomia e della libertà negoziale dei privati, sia pure mediata dalla “fattispecie democratica”, al penetrante controllo giudiziale delle clausole e dei contenuti del contratto. E ciò in virtù della inventio, da parte della giurisprudenza, di una serie di operazioni rimediali di fronte alle pretese iniquità o asimmetrie, nascenti da posizioni di privilegio o di preminenza, ovvero dal preteso approfittamento della posizione debole della controparte. Al giudice viene richiesto, mediante la domanda della parte più vulnerabile, a cui non può replicare con un non liquet, di riportare ordine, ridurre a equità e a un più sapiente equilibrio le situazioni inique/ingiuste che si annidano nelle clausole del contratto. Anche l’impresa più debole sul mercato si rivolge al giudice, denunziando pretese asimmetrie e chiedendo di verificare se esse siano frutto della posizione privilegiata o dominante della controparte. Sarà dunque compito dell’interprete nel presente lavoro comprendere come e fino a che punto può penetrare il sindacato del Giudice e se ciò sia possibile anche laddove non sia riscontrabile un’ipotesi di debolezza o asimmetria contrattuale rilevante, ovviamente dopo aver dato contenuto concreto a tali ultimi concetti. Non si userà, volutamente il concetto di “ingiustizia” perché si ritiene che tale locuzione rimandi a categorie anche etiche che a ben vedere non hanno alcuna attinenza con la fattispecie in esame.
IL SINDACATO GIUDIZIALE SULL’EQUILIBRIO ECONOMICO DEL CONTRATTO / Nasini, Paolo. - ELETTRONICO. - .
IL SINDACATO GIUDIZIALE SULL’EQUILIBRIO ECONOMICO DEL CONTRATTO
NASINI, Paolo
Abstract
The contract, as an expression of private autonomy, is the act of a will, aimed at and authorized to pursue its own purpose which the legal system deems worthy of protection . In particular, pursuant to art. 1321 of the Civil Code, << the contract is the agreement between two or more parties to establish, regulate or extinguish between them a patrimonial legal relationship >>. Through the contract, people (be they physical or juridical), mutually affect their own juridical sphere to satisfy even non-patrimonial interests, but deliberately producing legal or pre-established effects or however admitted by the legal system. The contractual matter, as governed by the civil code, was inspired by the dogma of will, a manifestation of liberal economic thought, although limited, on the one hand, by the need to guarantee the certainty of legal effects, and on the other hand, by the opportunity to protect interests considered "superior" because of collective relevance (or rather, at that time, corporate). On the other hand, the approach to contractual matters and, more generally, negotiation has changed profoundly over time, due to the affirmation of principles different from freedom or autonomy of negotiation and always having plus the effect of balancing and limiting the aforementioned freedom (the reference is above all, even if not only, to the principle of good faith and correctness, such as variations of the principle of solidarity under Article 2 of the Constitution). The evolution of this tendency makes actual the interest in speculation the subject of the present work: to understand if, on the basis of which institutions, and in what way and extent, the Judge can exercise a power to verify the economic balance of the contract and with which remedial instruments. In this regard, the present work "starts" from a "basic" idea that the c.d. negotiation freedom or autonomy, in contractual matters, meets an ontological limit: the meeting between the wills necessarily implies that they are not fully free in the sense that each individual part cannot maximize its own interest except in the limits in which that corresponds to the maximization of the interests of the other contractor. In the case of onerous contracts with corresponding or synallagmatic services this aspect necessarily implies that the freedom of negotiation of each contractor is guaranteed to the extent that it respects the possibility for both parties to maximize their own interest by affecting necessarily, therefore, on the scope of that of others, limiting it. But on closer inspection, a problem of limits and counter-limits dictated by the presence of different interests may well be envisaged also in the context of free contracts and even for donations. The dynamics of the expression of negotiating freedom, therefore, is evidently complex because it needs to distinguish between onerous and free contracts, within the onerous contracts between those with corresponding services and those with common purpose, within those not onerous between free in the strict sense and contracts signed in a spirit of generosity. On the other hand, although certainly to a different extent, the internal ontological limit of "other people's interest" makes us understand how, net of all the other "external" limits, interposed, that is, from the legal order, which we will be able to discuss, when dealing with the issue of judicial union on the economic balance of the contract, which necessarily intercepts the principle of freedom and private autonomy, "absolutist" approaches are not allowed. For the same reason, therefore, the problem of safeguarding private autonomy cannot be regarded as a reference point, assuming that its integrity is such an absolute value that it prevents or unduly restricts the order, and for it all 'Judicial Authority, a union on the congruity of the terms of trade, this being the goal of a search that in the positive data must find a confirmation and not a starting point. Not only that, but the boundaries of a principle like that of private autonomy inevitably suffer from the historical moment and the conceptual evolution of the institutions of the order, as emerging from the supervening legislation, and from the interpretation and application of those who are called to decide the pathology of the contractual relationship, or rather the Judges. In particular, when the contractual relationship enters its "pathological phase" (i.e. the non-implementation or incorrect implementation of the contractual program) the principle of autonomy and freedom of negotiation / contract comes to confront the Authority's assessment and decision-making power Judicial whose task is not simple to understand and evaluate the contents of the expression of this freedom, the lack of defects or defects of the will, according to the order, for the purposes of education and amendment of the contract, the correspondence of such contents to interests worthy of protection for the arrangement and, therefore, also the non-opposition of the same to the precepts and principles emerging from the system, and finally the understanding and evaluation of the behaviors held by the parties before, during and after the stipulation of the contract. All this in order to respond to normally opposed protection needs for the reasons mentioned above. The discipline of the contract, at every stage, from training to execution, today appears to be characterized by the significant presence of the jurisdiction, based on the verification and control of the justice / fairness of the negotiating relations between the parties, and therefore guarantee of fundamental human rights. Specifically, since it is a question of "economic juridical relations" and in the onerous contracts the economic interest is reciprocal, the problem of the self inevitably arises and to what extent the Judge can review the economic equilibrium of the negotiation operation, thereby both the problem of the proportion between the "qualifying" services the contract by the stipulated parties, and the overall balance of the contractual operation, it being understood that, as will be said, discussing the distinction between so-called economic equilibrium and regulatory balance, beyond specific legal provisions that contemplate this distinction, does not seem entirely correct and functional, because, normally, if not always, to a disproportion of rights and obligations corresponds as reflected, an overall economic disproportion of the negotiation operation. Because it is not disputed that, as he had the opportunity to write, in the grounds of a judgment of 1865, the English judge Sir George Jessel, "if there is one thing that the public interest requires more than any other, it is that mature and conscious men must have the maximum freedom to bargain, and that their contracts must be made respect by the courts ", but since this freedom to negotiate so far can be protected because it allows both parties to maximize their own interest (economic and non-economic) balanced with that of the other, the difficult operation assigned to the evaluation of the Judge is that to understand when such balancing presents or not elements of unjustified disproportion and consequently determines a violation of the same contractual freedom. Therefore, with the present work, analyzed, also from a historical point of view, a series of relevant principles and institutes, we will proceed to verify if, to what extent and with what procedural means is given to the Judge to be able to review the economic balance of the contract. In fact, it is emphasized by someone that from the protection of the autonomy and freedom of negotiation of private individuals, we have a transition to the penetrating judicial control of the clauses and contents of the contract. And this thanks to of the invention, on the part of the jurisprudence, of a series of remedial operations against inequities or asymmetries, due to the position of privilege or pre-eminence, or from the advantage of the weak position of the counterpart. The judge is asked, through the request of the most vulnerable party, to bring order, reduce to fairness and a more wise balance the unjust situations that hide in the clauses of the contract. Even the weakest company on the market turns to the judge, denouncing asymmetric claims and asking to verify if they are the result of the privileged or dominant position of the counterpart. It will therefore be the task of the interpreter in the present work to understand how and to what extent the judge's union can penetrate and whether this is possible even where there is no hypothesis of weakness or significant contractual asymmetry, obviously after giving concrete content to these last concepts. The concept of "injustice" will not be used deliberately because it is believed that this term refers to even ethical categories which, have no bearing on the case in question.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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