This work aims to enlighten both the emergence of a common legal debate on law and economics and the transformation of the relations between State’s powers and individual liberty, looking at the juridical responses offered to the «great depression», both in Italy and in the United States of America who were dealing with new increasing global legal issues. During the ‘30s the fascist regime started several interventions appointed to restore order in the economic landscape, and to achieve its own political goals by solving the economic downturn. During these years, the Italian legal culture has been roughly tested by the creation of a new set of administrative agencies (the so called enti pubblici economici), such as the IMI (Istituto mobiliare italiano) and the IRI (Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale), as well as by an industrial legislation capable of making the State an important ruler of the economic production, and, moreover by an outstanding reform of banking and financial system. In the US the economic emergency forced by the Wall Street’s crash, has soon shown a similar need for rethinking the traditional ideas of the relation between State power and individual free enterprise – indeed, both economic and constitutional laissez-faire received strong criticism and has started to be replaced by new forms of public-private relation that found political and juridical legitimation also in the “emergency” caused by the economic depression. The New Deal agencies created to rule and restore industrial wealth (the National Recovery Administration) as well as the banking and securities market (the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and the Securities and Exchange Commission), forced the traditional “checks and balances” system of the American Constitution and offered a practical ground for shaping theoretical solution capable of well-suiting the ongoing transformations in the economic constitution of the country. In comparing these two experiences, fascist Italy and “New Deal” America, very peculiar was the role played by the corporatist theories as a common cultural field, more or less all over the western countries, for the economic and juridical evolution in the ‘30s. Indeed, corporatism has been proved itself as an ideological “passe-partout” used in different contexts with different meanings, but always with the common purpose of finding a solution to the contemporary crises due to the emergence of new social and economic interests – a problem of ordering society and economy within the State that could no longer be solved by traditional liberal schemes and not just by the traditional political representation resolved in parliamentarism. Corporatism seems to be a theoretical “laboratory” of rethinking and reshaping the juridical instruments and the legal status that has allowed the transition to the postmodern 20th century by refusing some useless legacies of modern liberalism by the time. In conclusion, looking at law making and juridical debate on economic regulation during the ‘30s, we could find out a pivotal moment of the formation (or transformation) of the constitutional movement of late 20th century. As a result of these events, economic regulation and social organization can no longer set aside of juridical universe and public intervention, resulting in a progressive redefinition of the boundaries of private and public law.
Attraverso la ricostruzione delle risposte giuridiche alla «grande depressione» nei diversi contesti italiano e statunitense, questo lavoro aspira a individuare l’emersione di problemi giuridici tendenzialmente globali e l’affermazione di un discorso giuridico volto in entrambi i Paesi a ripensare le dinamiche tradizionali economico-giuridiche e in particolare di relazione tra il potere statuale e la libertà economica individuale. A partire dagli anni Trenta, infatti, il regime fascista inaugurò una serie di interventi volti a ordinare l’economia italiana e permettere, oltre al superamento della depressione economica, il compiersi degli obiettivi politici del regime stesso. La creazione di peculiari enti pubblici economici incaricati di risolvere la confusione del credito e del controllo dei settori produttivi più rilevanti (IMI, IRI), l’emanazione di una legislazione sulla produzione industriale potenzialmente molto invasiva da parte dei pubblici poteri e, infine, una riforma complessiva del sistema bancario e creditizio, rappresentarono per la scienza giuridica italiana occasioni di forte ripensamento di istituti e categorie tradizionali, la cui crisi era cominciata ad emergere già in precedenza a seguito del primo conflitto mondiale. Allo stesso modo il crollo di Wall Street e la conseguente emergenza economica avevano fatto sorgere negli Stati Uniti un’identica esigenza di ripensamento dei rapporti tra pubblici poteri e iniziativa economica privata: attraverso il riferimento all’eccezionalità della stagione deflattiva in corso, si ambiva infatti ad affermare un definitivo abbandono delle teorie economiche ma anche costituzionali del laissez-faire, in favore di nuove e diverse concezioni delle relazioni e non più separazioni tra pubblico e privato. In particolare, durante gli anni del New Deal, la creazione di administrative agencies deputate a dare ordine e indirizzo sia al settore industriale e produttivo (è il caso della NRA), che a quello finanziario e creditizio (come la RFC, e la SEC), posero fortemente in discussione i tradizionali limiti e bilanciamenti della Costituzione americana, e offrirono lo stimolo per l’elaborazione di un ampio ventaglio di soluzioni teoriche tutte potenzialmente concorrenti alla trasformazione economico-costituzionale del Paese. In tal senso, a unificare non solo astrattamente le due esperienze indagate del fascismo italiano e del New Deal americano contribuì la centralità assunta nel dibattito teorico-giuridico dal corporativismo, che finì per rappresentare un peculiare vettore di unificazione delle riflessioni giuridiche ed economiche di larga parte del mondo occidentale nel corso degli anni Trenta. Il corporativismo, infatti, si dimostrò un passe-partout ideologico capace di prestarsi a molteplici declinazioni, realizzate e realizzabili, con conseguenze molto diverse tra loro ma tutte egualmente accomunate da un’identica esigenza di trovare una soluzione che, all’interno dello Stato, mettesse ordine tra gli interessi plurali emergenti dalla società: un’emersione, quella del sociale, non più semplicisticamente risolvibile attraverso i noti schemi teorici liberali e attraverso (o almeno non solo) le tradizionali dinamiche parlamentari. Il corporativismo appare così, un “laboratorio” teorico di ripensamento di categorie e strumenti giuridici che contribuì al definitivo compimento di quel passaggio al Novecento post-moderno nel tentativo di mettere in disparte l’importante e “ingombrante” passato-presente rappresentato dalla modernità liberale. In conclusione, possiamo riconoscere negli anni Trenta e negli interventi normativi e teorici sulla regolazione dell’economia ivi emergenti, un momento di svolta per la formazione – o la modificazione – delle carte costituzionali del secondo Novecento, chiamate adesso ad includere al proprio interno una disciplina dell’economico di natura diversa e a tenere in conto dimensioni nuove dell’universo giuridico – come, ad esempio, quella collettiva – risultanti dalla progressiva erosione della tradizionale separazione delle sfere disciplinari ma anche e soprattutto teoriche di pubblico e privato.
STATO, INDUSTRIA E CREDITO NELLA RIFLESSIONE GIURIDICA NEGLI ANNI DELLA «GRANDE DEPRESSIONE». UN’IPOTESI DI CONFRONTO TRA ITALIA E STATI UNITI D’AMERICA (1929-1939) / Malpassi, Stefano. - ELETTRONICO. - (2020).
STATO, INDUSTRIA E CREDITO NELLA RIFLESSIONE GIURIDICA NEGLI ANNI DELLA «GRANDE DEPRESSIONE». UN’IPOTESI DI CONFRONTO TRA ITALIA E STATI UNITI D’AMERICA (1929-1939)
MALPASSI, Stefano
2020-01-01
Abstract
This work aims to enlighten both the emergence of a common legal debate on law and economics and the transformation of the relations between State’s powers and individual liberty, looking at the juridical responses offered to the «great depression», both in Italy and in the United States of America who were dealing with new increasing global legal issues. During the ‘30s the fascist regime started several interventions appointed to restore order in the economic landscape, and to achieve its own political goals by solving the economic downturn. During these years, the Italian legal culture has been roughly tested by the creation of a new set of administrative agencies (the so called enti pubblici economici), such as the IMI (Istituto mobiliare italiano) and the IRI (Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale), as well as by an industrial legislation capable of making the State an important ruler of the economic production, and, moreover by an outstanding reform of banking and financial system. In the US the economic emergency forced by the Wall Street’s crash, has soon shown a similar need for rethinking the traditional ideas of the relation between State power and individual free enterprise – indeed, both economic and constitutional laissez-faire received strong criticism and has started to be replaced by new forms of public-private relation that found political and juridical legitimation also in the “emergency” caused by the economic depression. The New Deal agencies created to rule and restore industrial wealth (the National Recovery Administration) as well as the banking and securities market (the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and the Securities and Exchange Commission), forced the traditional “checks and balances” system of the American Constitution and offered a practical ground for shaping theoretical solution capable of well-suiting the ongoing transformations in the economic constitution of the country. In comparing these two experiences, fascist Italy and “New Deal” America, very peculiar was the role played by the corporatist theories as a common cultural field, more or less all over the western countries, for the economic and juridical evolution in the ‘30s. Indeed, corporatism has been proved itself as an ideological “passe-partout” used in different contexts with different meanings, but always with the common purpose of finding a solution to the contemporary crises due to the emergence of new social and economic interests – a problem of ordering society and economy within the State that could no longer be solved by traditional liberal schemes and not just by the traditional political representation resolved in parliamentarism. Corporatism seems to be a theoretical “laboratory” of rethinking and reshaping the juridical instruments and the legal status that has allowed the transition to the postmodern 20th century by refusing some useless legacies of modern liberalism by the time. In conclusion, looking at law making and juridical debate on economic regulation during the ‘30s, we could find out a pivotal moment of the formation (or transformation) of the constitutional movement of late 20th century. As a result of these events, economic regulation and social organization can no longer set aside of juridical universe and public intervention, resulting in a progressive redefinition of the boundaries of private and public law.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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