Il lavoro di ricerca del presente lavoro si è basato sullo studio dei principali eventi calamitosi verificatisi in Italia a cavallo tra XIX e XX secolo (1861 – 1945). L’intento è stato quello di ricostruire la storia legislativa e la storia amministrativa in tema di catastrofi entrambe poco studiate per quanto concerne le calamità naturali. La ricerca è stata condotta prendendo in esame i testi legge, le cronache dell’epoca, i dibattiti parlamentari, i documenti d’archivio, gli articoli di riviste e le monografie al fine di avere un’ampia panoramica sul tema. Ciò che è emerso è che lo Stato italiano, per quasi tutta la seconda metà del’Ottocento, era assolutamente impreparato ad affrontare una qualsiasi emergenza causata da una calamità naturale così il lavoro ha avuto lo scopo di descrivere, attraverso uno studio di lungo periodo, l’evolversi del ruolo dello Stato e delle sue articolazioni. Il lavoro, quindi, intende offrire uno strumento di lettura della storia della legislazione e degli apparati italiani in tema di calamità cercando di mettere in luce i passaggi fondamentali che hanno permesso la costruzione dell’odierna Protezione civile. Ciò è stato possibile suddividendo il periodo considerato in fasi: gli anni ’60 e ’70, gli anni ’80, gli anni ’90 e i primi anni del XX secolo, gli anni ricompresi tra il 1908 e il 1915 e dal 1915 alla fine della seconda guerra mondiale. Da questa periodizzazione è emerso quanto segue: che negli anni ’60 e ’70 lo Stato italiano risultava essere totalmente assente poiché privo di strumenti e di apparati idonei; che gli anni ’80 e ’90 furono, invece, gli anni della creazione dei primi organismi, delle prime articolazioni amministrative e dei primi strumenti pensati per le specifiche esigenze originate da una catastrofe; che i primi anni del XX secolo furono quelli della proliferazione degli apparati amministrativi speciali e che, infine, il terremoto di Messina e quelli degli anni successivi rappresentarono la fase feconda in cui si pensarono gli strumenti più idonei e specifici per fronteggiare l’emergenza e si costituirono gli apparati e le procedure. Accanto a questo primo dato ne è emerso, poi, un secondo relativo alla natura degli apparati ed a quella degli atti normativi. Riguardo il primo aspetto è emersa con evidenza la natura temporanea ed eccezionale degli organismi istituiti per gestire le fasi post catastrofe. I commissari, i collegi arbitrali, le commissioni erano, infatti, sorti per un tempo limitato al fine di svolgere funzioni e compiti “straordinari”per fronteggiare la singola calamità. Solo a partire dal terremoto in Calabria del 1905, si iniziò a pensare di incardinare, all’interno dell’apparato burocratico statale, un organismo stabile specializzato nella gestione delle catastrofi. Riguardo il secondo aspetto è stato interessante rilevare, a partire dagli anni ’90 del XIX secolo, l’avvio di una nuova tendenza, inquadrabile nella produzione di atti legislativi aventi natura eccezionale. Per far fronte all’emergenza, anche quando si era ormai rientrati dalla fase più difficile rappresentata dalle attività di salvataggio delle vittime, il potere politico preferiva, infatti, lasciare sempre più spazio al Governo. Ciò significava garantire una grande autonomia all’esecutivo che poteva così gestire tutte le questioni legate alle calamità e, in particolare, promulgare decreti legge sui più disparati campi del diritto. Attraverso lo studio di questi fattori, quindi, è stato possibile fare un’importante ricostruzione del processo di formazione dell’organo della Protezione civile, fondamentale per un paese come l’Italia continuamente colpito da sciagure naturali di ogni tipo. Proprio questo percorso ha permesso, infine, di individuare gli elementi di continuità intercorrenti tra la storia passata, caratterizzata dalla specialità degli organismi considerati e la storia presente anch’essa contrassegnata dalla specialità delle articolazioni di cui si compone oggi la Protezione civile.
The research of this work was based on the study of the main disastrous events that occurred in Italy at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century (1861-1945). The aim was to rebuild the legislative history and the administrative history in terms of both poorly studied disasters with regard to natural disasters. The research was conducted by examining the legal texts, the chronicles of the era, the parliamentary debates, archival documents, magazine articles and monographs in order to have a broad overview on the subject. What has emerged is that the Italian state, for almost the entire second half of the nineteenth century, was absolutely unprepared for any emergency caused by a natural disaster, so the work was aimed to describe, through a long-term study, the evolving role of the state and of its structuring. The research, therefore, aims to provide a tool for analyzing the history of the legislation and of the Italian apparatus in the field of disaster trying to shed light on the important steps that have allowed the construction of modern civil protection. This was made possible by dividing the considered period in phases: the 60's and 70's, the 80's, the 90's and the early years of the twentieth century, the years included between 1908 and 1915 and from 1915 to the end of World War Two. This periodization revealed the following: that in the 60's and 70's, the Italian state was found to be totally absent because it lacked instruments and suitable equipment; that the 80's and 90's were, however, the years of the creation of the first organisms, of the first administrative tools designed for the specific needs arising from a catastrophe; that the early years of the twentieth century were those of the proliferation of special administrative apparatus, and finally, the earthquake of Messina and the subsequent years represented the fertile phase in which was thought the most appropriate and specific tools to deal with the emergency, and the apparatuses and procedures were constructed. Next to this first finding there emerged, afterwards, a second concerning the nature of the apparatuses and to that of the regulatory acts. Regarding the first aspect, there emersed with evidence the temporary and exceptional nature of the set up organisms to handle the post-disaster phases. The commissioners, the arbitral team, the commissions were, in fact, arisen for a limited time in order to perform functions and "extraordinary" tasks to deal with the single camality. Only since the earthquake in Calabria in 1905, the thinking of anchoring within the state apparatus, a stable organization specializing in disaster management, started. Regarding the second aspect, it was interesting to note, starting from the years '90 to the XIX century, the start of a new trend, framed in the production of legislative acts of an exceptional nature. To meet the emergency, even if it was already in the most difficult phase represented by rescue activities of the victims, the political power preferred, in fact, leaving more space to the Government. This meant ensuring a large autonomy to the executive so that it could handle all issues related to disasters and in particular, to enact decree laws on a lot of different fields of law. Through the studies of these factors, therefore, it was possible to make an important reconstruction of the process of formation of the Civil Protection organ, fundamental for a country like Italy constantly hit by natural disasters of all kinds. This precise process has allowed, finally, to identify the elements of continuity existing between the past history, characterized by the speciality of the considered organisms and the present history that is also marked by the specialities of the joints that make up today's Civil Protection.
PUBBLICHE CALAMITA’ E LEGISLAZIONE D’EMERGENZA IN ITALIA TRA OTTO E NOVECENTO / Ricci, Eugenia. - ELETTRONICO. - (2017).
PUBBLICHE CALAMITA’ E LEGISLAZIONE D’EMERGENZA IN ITALIA TRA OTTO E NOVECENTO
RICCI, EUGENIA
2017-01-01
Abstract
The research of this work was based on the study of the main disastrous events that occurred in Italy at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century (1861-1945). The aim was to rebuild the legislative history and the administrative history in terms of both poorly studied disasters with regard to natural disasters. The research was conducted by examining the legal texts, the chronicles of the era, the parliamentary debates, archival documents, magazine articles and monographs in order to have a broad overview on the subject. What has emerged is that the Italian state, for almost the entire second half of the nineteenth century, was absolutely unprepared for any emergency caused by a natural disaster, so the work was aimed to describe, through a long-term study, the evolving role of the state and of its structuring. The research, therefore, aims to provide a tool for analyzing the history of the legislation and of the Italian apparatus in the field of disaster trying to shed light on the important steps that have allowed the construction of modern civil protection. This was made possible by dividing the considered period in phases: the 60's and 70's, the 80's, the 90's and the early years of the twentieth century, the years included between 1908 and 1915 and from 1915 to the end of World War Two. This periodization revealed the following: that in the 60's and 70's, the Italian state was found to be totally absent because it lacked instruments and suitable equipment; that the 80's and 90's were, however, the years of the creation of the first organisms, of the first administrative tools designed for the specific needs arising from a catastrophe; that the early years of the twentieth century were those of the proliferation of special administrative apparatus, and finally, the earthquake of Messina and the subsequent years represented the fertile phase in which was thought the most appropriate and specific tools to deal with the emergency, and the apparatuses and procedures were constructed. Next to this first finding there emerged, afterwards, a second concerning the nature of the apparatuses and to that of the regulatory acts. Regarding the first aspect, there emersed with evidence the temporary and exceptional nature of the set up organisms to handle the post-disaster phases. The commissioners, the arbitral team, the commissions were, in fact, arisen for a limited time in order to perform functions and "extraordinary" tasks to deal with the single camality. Only since the earthquake in Calabria in 1905, the thinking of anchoring within the state apparatus, a stable organization specializing in disaster management, started. Regarding the second aspect, it was interesting to note, starting from the years '90 to the XIX century, the start of a new trend, framed in the production of legislative acts of an exceptional nature. To meet the emergency, even if it was already in the most difficult phase represented by rescue activities of the victims, the political power preferred, in fact, leaving more space to the Government. This meant ensuring a large autonomy to the executive so that it could handle all issues related to disasters and in particular, to enact decree laws on a lot of different fields of law. Through the studies of these factors, therefore, it was possible to make an important reconstruction of the process of formation of the Civil Protection organ, fundamental for a country like Italy constantly hit by natural disasters of all kinds. This precise process has allowed, finally, to identify the elements of continuity existing between the past history, characterized by the speciality of the considered organisms and the present history that is also marked by the specialities of the joints that make up today's Civil Protection.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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